Class 
Book 



CONTENTS. 



INTRODUCTION. 
I. 

The Human Body and its Functions — Such outlines of 
Anatomy and Physiology as seem necessary to the right 
understanding of the Temperaments 

II. 

A General View of the Temperaments — Ancient and Mod- 
ern theories and classifications briefly described 

III. 

The Pathological View of the Temperaments — The gener- 
ally received classification of Medical and Physiological 
writers, in which four Temperaments (the Sanguine, 
the Lymphatic, the Bilious, and the Nervous) are rec- 
ognized, is fully explained, each Temperament some- 
what minutely described, the value of the system ac- 
knowledged, but its faults pointed out 

IV. 

The Anatomical or Rational Classification — The three Tem- 
peraments (Motive, Vital, and Mental) fully described 
and illustrated, with their Causes, Characteristics (phys- 
ical and* mental), means of Culture, Counteractive and 
Restraining agencies, etc. ; also the Compound Tem- 
peraments, Motive-Mental, etc., etc. 

(iii) 



iv 



Contents. 



V. 

Temperament and Configuration — A more complete and 
detailed exposition of the relations between tempera- 
mental conditions and the form of the head, features of 
the face, and general configuration of the body, than has 



hitherto been given 93 

VI. 

Temperament and Color — The complexion and color of the 
hair and eyes as indications of Temperament — Two 
distinct varieties of the Motive Temperament distin- 
guished and described, etc., etc 100 

VII. 

Changes of Temperament — 1 . From natural causes, as cli- 
mate, age, etc. ; 2. From direct culture no 

VIII. 

Temperament and Mentality — The Phrenological develop- 
ments characteristic of each Temperament 120 



IX. 

Temperament in Age and Sex — Showing that sex modifies 
temperamental manifestations, and that there are cer- 



tain changes often resulting from the transitions from 
one stage of life to another, as from childhood to youth, 
at puberty, at the "turn of life," in old age, etc 125 

X. 

Temperament in the Domestic Relations — In marriage, 

domestic life, management of children, etc 131 

XI. 

Temperament and Education 146 



Contents. v 
XII. 

Temperament as Affecting the Choice of Occupation 15^ 

XIII. 

Temperament in Health and Disease — Practical hygienic 
rules for correcting the predispositions of each Tem- 
perament to particular diseases 166 



XIV. 

Temperament in Races and Nations — The Races Classi- 
fied — Temperament in the Caucasian Race : The An- 
cient Greeks, The Ancient Roman, The Semite or Syro- 
Arabian, The Hindoo, The German, The Scandinavian, 
The Englishman, The Anglo-American, The Scotchman, 
The Irishman, The Frenchman, The Italian, The Span- 
iard, The Sclavon — The Temperament in the Malay 
Race ; in the American Race ; in the Ethiopian Race. . 182 

XV. 

Studies in Temperament — The Great Tragedienne ; The 
Mormon Leader ; The Daughter of a Queen ; A Savage 
Chieftain ; A Savage Woman and Child ; A Working 
Bishop ; A Solid, Stable Character ; Temperament 
" in the Rough ; " A Literary Lady ; An Ardent, Emo- 



tional Character ; The Melanic, or Dark Element ; An 
American Soldier ; Chief of the Horsemen 203 

XVI. 

Temperament in the Lower Animals — Temperament in 
Wild Animals, and showing the effect of domestication 
on horses, cattle, sheep, swine, dogs, etc 220 



INTRODUCTION. 



The literature of the Temperaments is very scanty 
If the physiologist or student of human nature will 
survey the field from the time even of Hippocrates, 
he will be astonished by the paucity of authors who 
have given to the world aught in the way of obser- 
vations or speculations on the nature and character- 
istic influence of the physical constitution expressed 
by the term Temperament. Indeed, he may count 
the treatises known to the world upon his fingers. 
This singular fact can not be imputed to a lack of 
information on the subject, for the medicists of the 
times of Hippocrates and Galen held certain well- 
defined views concerning peculiar conditions or dia- 
theses of the human body, and the vocation of the 
physician necessarily required him to consider in some 
way the mental and physical constitution of his pa- 
tients, and to adapt his treatment, whatever it might 
be, to their systemic habits. What is found in the 
old Greek and Latin authors savors much, to be sure, 
of dogma, but there is so much of definiteness in their 
characterization, as in the case of the quartic classifi- 
cation of Hippocrates, that we are led to believe that 
their knowledge of human physiology, or of the prin- 
ciples governing growth and organic function, was 
really more positive and nearer practical exactness 



2 



Introduction. 



than appears in most of their discussions of dis- 
ease and its treatment. Speculation, however, char- 
acterized the medical thought of the ancient and 
medieval periods, just as it predominated in the dis- 
cussions concerning the nature of the mind and the 
relation of the thinking principle to the brain or the 
physical organism. If one will follow the lines of 
thought as crystallized in the works on medicine and 
metaphysics which have survived the lapse of ages, 
he will observe that a parallelism exists between these 
two great branches of inquiry, and that progress or 
development in one, is accompanied by advancement 
in the other. The great period of illumination in 
physiology which was ushered in by Harvey's dem- 
onstration of the movement of the blood, had its 
complement in the long stride made by modern re- 
search in nervous function and the office of the brain 
— of which research the Oxford professor, Willis, was 
one of the chief promoters. 

When science had fairly emerged from the maze 
of medieval controversy, and chemistry, astronomy, 
physiology, and mental philosophy had been estab- 
lished upon firm principles universally recognized, 
then the wonderful development of the eighteenth 
and nineteenth centuries was begun. In this devel- 
opment we perceive the influence of Temperament, 
and it is no difficult task for the physiologist, particu- 
larly if he be learned in the works of Gall and Spurz- 
heim, to signalize the several effects which peculiar 
constitutional states have had in determining the 
course of individual effort and in molding results. 

It would, therefore, appear that the subject of this 
treatise is an important one ; in fact, one of the most 



Introduction. 



3 



important within the province of the student and 
author ; but to indicate in this place, in more than a 
few points, the nature of that importance, would be 
to trespass upon the field which Dr. Jacques has 
covered with that fullness of detail which evidences 
his familiarity with the subject as a student and 
trained observer, and in that graceful, instructive 
style which has made his well-known treatises on 
popular education and physiology so acceptable 
wherever they have been read. 

Every living organism has certain qualities by 
which it is distinguished as belonging to a certain 
class, order, or species of organisms. The naturalist 
has taken upon himself the labor of analyzing and 
defining the myriad forms of being, and for centuries 
has found a most fruitful field for the exercise of his 
intellectual powers. He finds his task one of infinite 
extensibility ; with each attainment of knowledge new 
vistas of research open before him ; and in lines where 
he had believed there was little remaining for scru- 
tiny, he is often amazed by the opening up of a fresh 
mine, which invites his enthusiastic investigation. 
He has found the domain of life so vast that he must 
needs devote himself to but a few members of the 
animal or vegetable world, would he learn m ch of 
their peculiarities in the short space allotted him for 
active labor on earth. He perceives that his work is 
complicated, not only by the apparent crossings and 
mixtures of species, but also by variations in the 
constitution peculiar to members of species. To 
him the worm and the beetle have their family char- 
acteristics of color and form, as well as the lion, 
horse, or dog; and he pries into their homes and 



4 



Introduction. 



habits to ascertain the sources and reasons for such 
characteristics. 

The physiologist who has chosen man for his study 
finds the subject to unfold rapidly before his con- 
templation, until it becomes a maze of complication ; 
its web of moral, intellectual, and physical interrela- 
tion assuming a thousand hues and forms as he views 
it. In despair of ever tracing every line to its source 
and revealing the secret springs of human mental 
and moral life, he may well exclaim with the great 
dramatist, " What a piece of work is man ! How 
noble in reason! how infinite in faculties ! " 

The primary influence or property in living organ- 
isms, is that known by the term Heredity. Its essence 
is unattainable by the nicest methods of the chemist, 
inexplicable by the most careful analysis of the phi- 
losopher. Creative energy supplies it ; creative wis- 
dom only can resolve it. Let the physiologist con- 
cern himself with the effects of this hereditary, 
this differential vital force, in their manifold forms. 
He has, to be sure, already acquired a large store of 
facts in such study ; let him go on with his observa- 
tion and research. Turning aside, now and then, to 
look into the marvelous evolutions of the protoplas- 
mic germ with the hope of attaining the why and 
wherefore, while the organized forms are not yet 
fully comprehended in their commonest phases of 
activity, is but wasting time and talent, and neg- 
lecting the useful. 

In the study of the human Temperaments the 
physiologist who elects it is brought to the consid- 
eration of the effects of inheritance, and, subse- 
quently, in addition, of habit upon the body and 



Introduction. 



5 



the mind. He early perceives the vast importance 
of a correct understanding of the physical organiza- 
tion, the functional peculiarities of stomach, heart, 
and lungs ; the quality of brain ; the contour and 
texture of bone, muscle, and tissue in individual 
cases. Man is many-sided, exceedingly versatile in 
his range of capability, and his highest, truest suc- 
cess is found in relations where his body and mind 
are harmoniously employed ; where, in other words, 
he finds a complete adaptation of his powers, mental 
and physical. 

So far as concerns themselves, every man and 
woman should be physiologists, should be conver- 
sant with the laws and processes of their physical 
nature ; not merely knowing something of the mode 
by which food enters the stomach and is converted 
into nutriment, or how the blood passes from the 
heart to the lungs and is vitalized by respiration, but 
how they differ from other men and women in con- 
stitution of body and properties of mind, and what 
the differences mean in relation to individual capa- 
bility. The great majority of intelligent workers in 
every sphere of life are misplaced, and, therefore, 
fail to accomplish as much for themselves and the 
world as they would in their appropriate departments 
of effort. This fact is appreciated by thousands who 
discovered too late their unfitness for the vocation 
which a parent, or caprice, or necessity assigned to 
them ; while other thousands are toiling sadly and 
wearily amid inharmonious relations, attributing their 
unsuccess to ill-luck or destiny, and totally unaware 
of the fundamental cause of their unfortunate situa- 
tion. 



6 



Introduction. 



Whether the physiologist makes his analysis in 
accordance with the old system of four Tempera- 
ments, or in accordance with the new system, which 
recognizes but three, he attributes a certain type of 
organization to the person under his observation. 
He does not expect the man in whom the nervous 
or mental quality predominates, to exhibit the dis- 
position of the man in whom the bilious or motive 
quality is the most conspicuous. And he would not 
assign men so differently constituted to the same kind 
of work, any more than an experienced agriculturist 
would set a plow and cultivator side by side in a 
rough field, and expect them to perform similar duty 
in preparing the soil for a crop. No ; he would as- 
sign to him of the strong mental or nervous consti- 
tution work which required the exercise chiefly of 
the intellect and a light, facile hand ; while to him 
of the motive or bilious type, he would give labor 
requiring muscular strength and steady, enduring 
application ; for one he would consider the duties of 
the counting-room or office appropriate ; for the other 
the tasks of the farm or the workshop. 

He would not think of supplying these two men 
with' food of like materials and quantity, because he 
knows that their differences in physical constitution 
enjoin a difference in their food, which must be ob- 
served for the maintenance of their respective healths. 
And further still, their proclivities and requirements 
are unlike, as he perceives, in the matter of recrea- 
tion, society, and mental avocation. 

This subject of Temperament, the reader may re- 
mark, is one which relates mainly to the human body, 
how it is built up and constituted in its different parts ; 



Introduction. y 

it particularly relates to the office or influence exer 
cised in the economy of physical life by those great 
organs — the stomach, liver, lungs, heart, brain, and 
nerves. Yes, this is true if we merely consider the 
bodily constitution as a piece of vitalized mechanism : 
but the study of the human Temperaments is vastly 
more than a department of mechanical physiology, and 
relates, as we have indicated, to the part man fills as the 
most powerful factor in the economy of nature. We 
can not assert that man is what he is by virtue of his 
physical organization, yet the potency of Tempera- 
ment may not be estimated, and we can not separate 
man's psychic susceptibilities and capabilities, in their 
practical analysis, from his physical constitution. The 
latter supplements the former — body feeds mind. The 
subtile connection between mind and body can not 
be explained any more than that agent or force which 
we so glibly call life ; to comprehend one would be 
to comprehend the other ; yet when we examine the 
material aspects of the human machine, the body, 
we are guided to safe conclusions with respect to the 
operation of that machine ; we are enabled to judge 
of its productive energy in both physical and mental 
respects. If the appreciation of phenomena be the 
proper domain of science, it seems to us clear enough 
that, when taken on its material side only, there can 
be a no more interesting subject for the research of 
the earnest scientific inquirer than this of the Tem- 
peraments. Comparatively fresh as a department of 
study, it possesses every feature of attraction, every 
quality of interest, appealing to the imagination as 
well as to the judgment, and furnishing an exhaust- 
less stock of materials. The student, moreover, needs 



8 Introduction. 

* 

not to travel to the East or to the West, for at his 
very door, in his home-circle, and among the friends 
who surround him, is a world upon which he may ex- 
pend the resources of his intellect, and to his profit 
and theirs. It is said that an eminent German natu- 
ralist occupied the greater part of thirty years in 
studying the nature of a single species of worm, and 
declared that he had by no means learned all there is 
to be ascertained about it. What, then, is to be said 
of the study of human nature, the highest form of 
life, with its myriad phases of contour and its com- 
plex mental and physical correlations ! 

The earnest observer in this field may well pause 
in amazement as some reflection concerning its vast- 
ness is suggested to his mind ; but aided by the re- 
sults of the labor of others, guided by those princi- 
ples which genius has deduced, he can pursue his way 
through the apparent confusion and grasp fact after 
fact, and add truth after truth to his store of useful 
knowledge. 

With a cordial appreciation of the need of a popu- 
lar treatise on the Temperaments, this volume has 
been carefully prepared. The extent of the subject 
precludes anything like an exhaustive attempt, yet 
the author has striven to consider it from all prac- 
tical sides, and to arrange his data in such a manner 
that the student may find it of service as a guide in 
personal observations. The illustrations, with but 
a very few exceptions, are from life — in fact, carefully 
engraved portraits — so that their value in a scientific 
respect is positive. It is unnecessary to state, per- 
haps, that the introduction of every portrait is simply 
for the purpose of illustrating the text , and, there- 



Introduction. 



9 



fore, the only motive in their use is a purely scien- 
tific one. As the originals of some of the portraits 
are living, this statement is deemed expedient as an 
explanation or apology for their appearance. 

Shortly after completing this work Dr. Jacques laid 
down his pen forever. Death came suddenly while 
he was at his residence in Fernandina, Florida. Well- 
advanced in life, yet not old ; in the midst of his use- 
fulness — a usefulness founded upon a life of great 
variety and activity, in whose scenes he carried a stu- 
dious mind and an unusual calmness of judgment, 
which enabled him to profit by every experience, it 
is not strange that his death awakened deep regret 
in the wide circle for which he had become a highly 
respected adviser. Few men of his age have con- 
tributed as much as he to practical educational liter- 
ature. He studied and observed for the purpose of 
obtaining information which he could disseminate 
broadly through the press. He was a writer by pro- 
fession, and filled, in the course of forty years or more, 
many responsible positions, as editor, author, and con- 
tributor. For many years his pen was of valuable 
service to the Phrenological Journal, and other well- 
known magazines were indebted to him for impor- 
tant contributions to their pages. He loved the coun- 
try, and was at home in the field and garden, and 
during the past ten years his literary services were 
chiefly given to agriculture. The Rural Carolinian 
the Semi-Tropical, and the other leading agricultural 
magazines of the South, found in him their strongest 
ally. His opinions were authoritative, although he 
never sought to exercise authority in any sphere. He 
loved the quiet reserve of home ; his spirit had no 



to 



Introduction. 



sympathy for the rude and turbulent ; he was content 
to stand apart from the busy current of the world's 
business, and simply contemplate its ever-changing 
surface. But it was as a keen observer that he 
looked upon the swaying masses of humanity ; his 
massive perceptive faculties descried new and valu- 
able things where the ordinary spectator saw nothing 
but commonplace events ; and so he went on from 
year to year accumulating data, and in the retirement 
of his library recording them with a facile pen for the 
instruction of the people. His " Manuals for Home 
Improvement," " The Right Word in the Right 
Place," and " Physical Perfection," are models of 
literary style and of didactic method, and are not 
surpassed by any books in print in just adaptation 
to the wants of the masses. Although produced 
years ago, they are fresh to-day as practical per- 
sonal educators, and their worth enhances in the 
proportion of their circulation. 

Dr. Jacques was not of those who " make a noise 
in the world," he did not covet notice, and beyond a 
narrow circle of sympathetic friends and litterateurs 
he was scarcely known personally, but his work will 
remain long after the noisy thousands have been for- 
gotten, its solid benefits making society his debtor. 

H. S. DRAYTON, 
Editor of the Phrenological Journal. 



THE TEMPERAMENTS. 



i. 

THE HUMAN BODY AND ITS FUNCTIONS. 

As Temperament, considered in its physical aspects, 
is a state of the body depending upon certain com- 
binations of its various systems of organs and certain 
functional conditions affecting them, some knowledge 
or these organs and their functions will be essential 
to the profitable study of the subject before us. For 
this knowledge in its details, we must refer the reader, 
not already familiar with them, to the standard works 
on Anatomy and Physiology ; but, in order that he 
may have at hand, for easy reference, the general facts 
pertaining to the human physical organization, we 
shall here devote a few pages to the presentation of 
such outlines as will, we trust, serve the purpose in 
view. We condense from previous works, claiming no 
originality for the general features of our sketch. 

We find in the human body three grand classes or 
systems of organs, each of which has its special func- 
tion in the general economy. They may appropri- 
ately be called — 

1. The Motive or Mechanical System ; 

2. The Vital or Nutritive System ; and 

3. The Mental or Nervous System. 

(11) 



12 



The Temperaments. 



These three systems, each naturally divided into 
several branches, include all the organs and perform 
all the functions of the physical man. 

I. — The Motive or Mechanical System. 

The motive or mechanical system consists of three 
sets of organs, forming, in combination, an apparatus 
of levers through which locomotion and all the larger 
movements of the body are effected. They are: 

1. The Bones ; 

2. The Ligaments ; and 

3. The Muscles. 

1. The Bones. — The Bones form the framework of 
the body. They are primarily organs of support, sus- 
taining and giving solidity to every part. The pro- 
portion which they bear to their fleshy covering dif- 
fers materially in different individuals ; and this fact 
should be remembered as having an important bearing 
upon the doctrine of the Temperaments, to be un- 
folded in future chapters. 

In the earlier stages of their formation, the bones 
are cartilaginous or gristly in their structures, very 
flexible, and not easily broken. This wise provision of 
an all-wise Nature is illustrated in young children, 
whose innumerable falls never result in a fracture, and 
whose rapid growth would be entirely inconsistent 
with a hardened osseous frame. We may note here, 
too, in passing, that the legs of infants are often made 
permanently crooked by being required, under the 
injudicious training of unwisely ambitious parents, to 
support prematurely the weight of the body. Little 



The Human Body and its Functions. 13 

is gained by interfering with Nature, in such attempts 
to hasten her processes. 

In due time the bones, receiving deposits of lime, 
phosphorus, and other earthy materials, gradually 
harden, and at their maturity are composed of nearly 
equal proportions of animal and mineral matter. In 
old age the earthy matter often greatly predominates, 
rendering them very brittle. 

Like other parts of the body, the bones have a 
system of blood-vessels and nerves, and, like the other 
parts, are subject to growth and decay, though their 
changes are less rapid than those of the softer parts. 
Their minute structure is very curious and beautiful. 

The genius and skill of man has never yet suc- 
ceeded in constructing a machine so beautiful in its 
perfect adaptation to its uses as the human skeleton ; 
nor can the wisest of mortals suggest an improvement 
in its structure. 

See what noble twin columns, resting upon the firm, 
but flexible bases of the feet, support, in its proper 
position, the grand arch of the pelvis ! And the pelvis 
it self, how admirably adapted to its various functions ! 
While it has all the necessary strength to support the 
body which rests upon it, it is not less perfectly 
adapted to protect and sustain the vital organs situated 
within it, and to afford them room for the proper per- 
formance of their functions. 

The grand central pillar, the spinal column, on 
whose capital rests that sublime " dome of thought,'' 
the cranium, has its base on the sacrum, a wedge-like 
bone which forms the keystone of the pelvic arch. 
The spinal or vertebral column itself is one of the 



14 



The Temperaments. 



most wonderful of Nature's wonderful works. It is 
composed of twenty-four bones, called vertebrae, linked 
firmly together by a complicated system of ligaments, 
giving it immense strength, and, at the same time, great 
flexibility. It is pierced by what is called the vertebral 
canal, through which passes the spinal cord {medulla 
spinalis), of which we shall have more to say further on. 

Attached to the dorsal or back vertebrae by strong 
ligaments, and bending forward so as to form the 
grand cavity of the thorax, are the twenty-four ribs, 
twelve on each side. The uppermost seven on each 
side are called the true ribs, because each of them is 
connected by a separate cartilage directly with the 
sternum or breast bone ; while the lower five are called 
false, because one or two of them are loose at the 
anterior extremity and the cartilages of the rest run 
into each other, instead of being separately prolonged 
to the breast bone. 

The arms are loosely attached to the body by means 
of movable shoulder-blades, which are kept in place 
by the collar-bone and the strong muscles which over- 
lay them. 

Bones are of various shapes — long, as in the arm 
and leg ; cuboidal or six-sided, as in the wrist and 
instep ; and flat, as in the cranium and the shoulder- 
blades. The larger ones are hollow, which property 
gives them more strength in proportion to weight 
than could otherwise have been obtained, ancl also 
secures a permanent storehouse for nutriment in the 
form of marrow, which seems to be set aside as a re- 
served fund for the sustenance of the body when all 
other supplies fail. 



The Human Body and its Functions. 15 

The connections of the bones, called joints, are 
very beautiful contrivances, which no mechanic or 
artist could improve. These connections are of 
various kinds — by sutures or a sort of dovetailing, 
by cartilaginous attachments, and by movable joints. 
There are hinge joints, allowing only a forward and 
backward movement, and ball and socket joints, 
which allow the bone to move in all directions. 

2. The Ligaments. — The ligaments, already inci- 
dentally mentioned, help to form the joints, and are 
properly called organs of connection. Their strength 
and toughness is so great that it is almost impos- 
sible, by means of any ordinary force, to tear them 
asunder. 

" It is wonderful," a distinguished medical writer 
says, " to see how admirably the ligaments are ar- 
ranged to answer the purposes for which they are in- 
tended ! Where the ends of two bones meet, as in 
some of the joints, ligaments pass across from one to 
the other ; and so firm are they in their structure, 
that they never allow the joint to become loose, 
however much it may be exercised. Some of the liga- 
ments are arranged so as to keep the joint from 
bending the wrong way. The knee joint, which, 
were it not for its numerous ligaments, would be 
altogether unfit for the important offices it fulfills, 
has in it two of these bands, crossing each other like 
the legs of a saw-horse, in such a manner as to pre- 
vent the leg from being carried too far backward or 
forward ; and to guard against dislocations sideways, 
strong lateral bands are placed on each side of the 
joint. Not only the large, but the small bones of 



i6 



The Temperatnents. 



the body likewise, are bound together in this way as 
firmly as if secured by clasps of steel. 

3. The Muscles. — The muscles are simply bundles 
of red flesh growing together, and more compact to- 
ward the extremities, by which they are attached to 
the bone, and terminating in white tendons or cords. 
They are, par excellence, the organs of motion. It 
is by means of them that the indwelling mind, tele- 
graphing its mandates through the appropriate nerves, 
effects any desired movement, by causing a contrac- 
tion of the fibers of which they are composed, thus 
drawing the parts to which they are attached toward 
each other. This contractile power is very great — 
so great, in fact, that it may even destroy the cohe- 
sion of the parts, or tear the tendon from the bone. 
There are twenty-seven distinct muscles in the human 
body^ divided into two classes — voluntary and invol- 
untary ; the former acting in obedience to the will, 
and the latter independently of it. Those by means 
of which we move the limbs belong to the first class, 
and those which keep the heart in motion and carry 
on the vital processes, while we sleep as well as when 
we are awake, to the second. They present a great 
variety of forms, and are of all lengths, from a fourth 
of an inch, as in some of the muscles of the larynx, 
to three feet, as in the sartorius or tailor's muscle, 
which is used in crossing the legs. 

The muscular system, in its development and or- 
ganic condition, is more under control than 3ny other 
part of the body — a circumstance of no little impor- 
tance in connection with changes of temperament 
and human improvement. 



The Human Body and its Functions. 17 

II.— The Vital or Nutritive System. 
The vital or nutritive system consists of three 
classes of organs, forming a complicated apparatus 
of tubes, which perform the functions of absorption, 
circulation, and secretion, and, incidentally, of purifi- 
cation. Their principal seat is the trunk of the body, 
and they exercise a minute peristaltic or pulsating 
motion. They are designated as — 

1. The Lymphatics ; 

2. The Blood-vessels ; and 

3. The Glands. 

I. The Lymphatics. — These are small transparent 
tubes furnished with valves at short intervals, and 
connected with the ganglia or glands which are dis- 
tributed over the body, but are most numerous on 
the sides of the neck, the arm-pits, the groins, and 
the mesenteric folds of the intestines. Their ofrke 
is to absorb nutriment and pass it into the circula- 
tion. They convey the lymph from every part of 
the system to the descending vena cava, where it 
mixes with the venous blood returning to the heart. 
When, through disease or deficiency of food, the 
supply of nutriment from the ordinary sources is in- 
adequate to the wants of the system, these absorbents 
take up the fat which has been deposited in the cel- 
lular tissues, to be reserved for a time of need, and 
empty it into the chyle duct, to be thrown into the 
circulation. This causes the falling away or emacia- 
tion observed in the sick or starving. ^Even the 
muscles and cellular tissues are thus appropriated, in 
extreme cases. 

These organs, when they open into the intestines 



18 



The Temperaments. 



and serve to convey a portion of the nutriment elab- 
orated by the stomach through the thoracic duct to 
its proper destination, are called lacteals. 

2. The Blood-Vessels. — The circulation of the blood 
is effected by means of a system of tubes, consisting 
of the heart, the arteries, and the veins. The center 
of circulation is the heart, a muscular organ situated 
in the lower part of the thoracic cavity, between the 
two folds of the pleura, which form the central par- 
tition of the chest. It consists of two parts, a right 
and a left, in each of which are two cavities, an au- 
ricle and a ventricle. In other words, it forms a 
double force-pump, most ingeniously constructed, 
with well-fitted valves/ which always act perfectly, 
and never get out of order and never wear out. 
These pumps send the bright vitalized blood through 
the arteries to every part of the system, to be taken 
up by those minuter organs, the capillaries, whose 
millions of fibers permeate everywhere, and furnish 
to each organ and part just the supply needed. 

To bring the blood back to the heart to be sent to 
the lungs and revitalized, we have a system of veins, 
which, commencing in minute capillaries, like little 
rills, gradually unite and enlarge till they pour their 
contents, river-like, through two large tubes (one 
ascending and the other descending), into the right 
auricle or receptacle of the heart. A muscular con- 
traction sends it into the right ventricle, which, con- 
tracting in^urn, forces it into the pulmonary artery, 
and thence into the lungs, where it is purified and 
changed by contact with the air, and becomes again 
fitted for its life-bestowing mission. 



The Human Body an i its Functions. iQ 

3. The Glands. — The glands, or filters, are the or- 
gans which secrete or deposit not only the various 
substances of which the different organs are com- 
posed, but the fat, milk, hair, and other animal prod- 
ucts. They are composed of two sets of capillary 
vessels, the one for the circulation of arterial blood, 
and the other for secreting their proper materials. 
The lungs, stomach, intestines, reproductive organs, 
and especially the liver, are mainly glandular in struct- 
ure and function, and so far are included in this sys- 
tem. 

" The lungs are two conical organs, situated one on 
each side of the chest, embracing the heart, and sep- 
arated from each other by a membranous partition, 
the mediastinum. On the external or thoracic side 
they are convex, and correspond with the form of 
the cavity of the chest ; internally they are concave, 
to receive the convexity of the heart. Superiority 
they terminate in a tapering cone, which extends 
above the level of the first rib, and inferiorily they 
are broad and concave, and rest upon the convex 
surface of the diaphragm. Their posterior border is 
round and broad, the anterior sharp, and marked by 
one or two deep fissures, and the interior, which sur- 
rounds the base, is also sharp. Each lung is divided 
into two parts by a long and deep fissure, which ex- 
tends from the posterior surface of the upper part of 
the organ, downward and forward, to near the ante- 
rior angle of its base. The right lung is larger than 
the left, in consequence of the inclination of the heart 
to the left side. It is also shorter, from the great 
convexity of the liver, which presses the diaphragm 



20 



The Temperaments. 



upward upon the right side of the chest, consider- 
ably above the level of the left. It has three lobes. 
The left lung is smaller, has but two lobes, but is 
longer than the right." 

The lungs present to the view a spongy mass, made 
up of air-tubes, air-cells, and blood-vessels, all bound 
together by a cellular tissue. Of the air-cells there 
are many millions ; and the internal surface presented 
by the combined air-cells and air-tubes is probably 
more than ten times the external surface of the body. 
Around each of these minute cells is woven a net- 
work of hair-like tubes, through which come and go 
the venous and arterial blood. It is through the 
coats of these that the air acts upon and vitalizes the 
blood, giving it oxygen and receiving carbonic acid 
in return. 

The liver, which is the largest gland in the body 
(weighing about four pounds), extends from the right 
to the left hypochondrium, and is situated obliquely 
in the abdomen, its convex surface looking upward 
and forward, and its concave downward and back- 
ward. It is attached by strong ligaments to the dia- 
phragm and other adjacent parts. Its office is to 
secrete bile from the blood, which is poured from the 
gall-bladder into the duodenum, a few inches below 
the stomach. 

The stomach is a musculo-membranous organ, the 
office of which is to convert the blood into chyme. 

The intestines or bowels, the kidneys (whose office 
is to separate the urine from the blood), and the 
spleen, are included in this system. 



The Human Body and its Functions. 



21 



III.— The Mental or Nervous System. 

The mental or nervous system forms the medium 
of communication between the soul and the external 
world, and is the instrument through which thought 
and emotion culminate in action. It consists, struct- 
urally, of a series of globules bound by membranous 
investments into fibers of various forms. The chief 
seat of this system is the head. It admits, like the 
other systems, of a division of three orders of organs — 

1. Organs of Sense ; 

2. The Cerebrum ; and 

3. The Cerebellum. 

1. The Organs of Sense. — The organs through 
which we receive impressions from external objects 
— the eye, the ear, etc. — need not be described. 
They communicate their impressions to the brain 
by means of special nerves. They all seem to center 
in the base of the brain. 

2. The Cerebrum. — The human brain, speaking of 
it as a whole, is an oval mass filling and fitting the 
interior of the skull, and consisting of two substances 
— a gray, ash-colored, or cineritious portion, and a 
white, fibrous, or medullary portion. It is divided, 
both in form and in function, into two principal 
masses, called the cerebrum and the cerebellum. 
At its base there are two other portions, called the 
annular protuberance and the medulla oblongata. 

The cerebrum is divided longitudinally by the falx, 
or scythe-shaped process, into two equal hemispheres, 
and each of these, in its under surface, into three 
lobes. But the most remarkable feature in the struct* 



22 



The Temperaments. 



ure of the cerebral globe is its complicated convolu- 
tions, the furrows between which dip down into the 
brain and are covered by the pia mater, a delicate fibro- 
vascular membrane, which lies upon the immediate 
surface of the brain and spinal marrow, bending down 
into all their furrows or other depressions. By means 
of these foldings the surface of the brain is greatly 
increased, and power gained with the utmost econo- 
my of space ; for it is a well-ascertained fact, that in 
* , proportion to the number and depth 

of these convolutions, is the power 
of the brain. " The mind's revolv- 
ings," as Wilkinson beautifully ex- 
presses it, " are here represented in 
moving spirals, and the subtile in- 
sinuations of thought, whose path 
lies through all things, issues with 
power from the form of cerebral 
screws. They print their shape and 
make themselves room on the inside 
of the skull, and are the most irre- 
sistible things in the human world." 

The cerebrum is the organ of per- 
ception, reflection, and all the other 
essentially human faculties and sen- 
timents. 

3. The Cerebellum. — The cerebel- 
lum is the organ in which lies the 
nervous center of the procreative 
function, and it is related intimately 
to motive impulse and physical life 

Fig. 1.— Spinal Cord and T , t • , ■, • j • ■ i 

Nerves. It lies behind and immediately un- 




The Human Body and its Functions. 23 

derneath the cerebrum, and is about one-eighth the 
size of the latter organ. It is divided into lobes and 
lobules and consists of a gray and a white substance, 
like the cerebrum, but differently disposed, the white 
substance being mainly internal in the latter and ex- 
ternal in the former; furthermore, the cerebellum 
is not convoluted like the cerebrum. There is said 
to be no direct communication between the lobes of 
the cerebrum and the cerebellum. 

Extending from the base of the brain to the atlas 
or bony pivot on which the head rests, is the medulla 
oblongata. It is conical in shape, and may be con- 
sidered as merely the head or beginning of the spinal 
cord, which continues it, and extends the brain, as it 
were, down the vertebral column ; and, by means of 
the nerves which it gives off, and which pass through 
notches between the vertebrae, connects it with every 
part of the body. 

IV— Outlines of Phrenology. 

As we shall have frequent occasion, in the follow- 
ing chapters, to make use of phrenological terms and 
refer to the organs of the mental faculties in the brain, 
as they may be particularly associated with a given 
temperamental condition or affected thereby, we have 
deemed it advisable to insert here such outlines of 
the science as will at least enable the reader pre- 
viously ignorant of it (if such readers there be, at this 
late day) to understand our allusions. We copy, as 
adapted to our purpose, and as suitable as any sketch 
we could now prepare, the following sections from 



24 



The Temperaments. 



Chapter VII. of " New Physiognomy." No higher 
authority on this subject than that of the lamented 
Mr. Wells need be or could be cited. 

1. Phrenology Defined. — Phrenology is a science and 
an art. It is the science of the existence, organization, 
and mode of action of the mind as embodied, and as 
related through the body to whatever else exists. 

The term " Phrenology" means, strictly, Science of 
the Brain. This term, in itself, relates only to the 
immediate material organ and instrument of the mind. 
It is, however, proper enough ; for it is the special 
characteristic of Phrenology to take the brain into 
the account — to take the common-sense and practical 
view which looks at the mind, not as it ought to be, 
nor as it may be claimed that it must be, but as it is. 
Mind must (to us who are in the flesh) act through a 
material instrument. Other mental philosophers have 
not sufficiently considered this, nor the necessary 
limitations which such an instrument imposes upon 
mental action, nor the indications derivable from such 
an instrument about mental action. As these limita- 
tions and indications are of the utmost importance, 
and as their introduction with their right dignity 
into mental science totally revolutionizes it, and makes 
it for the first time worthy the name of a science, it is 
eminently proper that they should characterize the 
name of the science in its new shape. 

2. Phrenology as an Art. — Every science has its cor- 
responding art. The principles of science, when modi-* 
fied into application to the practical demands of life, 
become the rules of their corresponding art. 

Phrenology, as an art, consists in judging from the 



The Human Body and its Functions. 2$ 

nead itself, and from the body in connection with the 
head, what are the natural tendencies and capabilities 
of the individual. The practical uses of this art are 
many. They consist in applying to the practical needs 
of life the principles of phrenological science. For 
instance, it is a principle of Phrenology that, all other 
conditions being the same, the largest brain is the best. 
In selecting an apprentice, a clerk, therefore, or a 
lawyer, or a helper, or counselor of any kind, he 
who practices the art of Phrenology would choose, 
out of any two or more, him with the largest head, 
provided other conditions, such as quality, shape, etc., 
were equal. Mistakes would sometimes occur in ap- 
plying this rule, but in the long run it would be found 
far more correct than any other known means. 

Again, it is the principle of Phrenology that there 
are separate mental faculties. It is another, that these 
faculties may be dealt with, trained, or neglected, 
separately. It is another, that where faculties are 
defective or feeble, their defect or weakness can usually 
be made up for by the employment of some other 
faculty or faculties. It is easy to see that these prin- 
ciples, reduced to rules, would form a very important 
part of a system of education, particularly of self- 
education ; for evidently an intelligent person, trying 
one combination of faculties after another, will be 
able ultimately to exercise himself in exactly such 
habits of thinking and feeling as will best make up 
• for the points in which he is wanting. If, for instance, 
he knows that he is deficient in Cautiousness, he can 
cultivate habits of forethought, reflection, recollection, 
and observation. This procedure will use Causality, 

2 



£6 



The Temper aments. 



Comparison, Eventuality, and Individuality to do the 
work of Cautiousness, and will, at the same time, tend 
to stimulate and strengthen the faculty of Cautious- 
ness as a separate instinct. 

3. The Basis of Phrenology. — The science of Phre- 
nology is based upon observation. Its principles are 
simply the recital of truths which lie open before 
every man's eye. It is therefore as capable of dem- 
onstration as chemistry or natural philosophy. In 
this it differs entirely from all previous systems of 
mental science. These have been based upon a priori 
assumptions (that is, things taken for granted) to be- 
gin with. Having thus the radical imperfections of 
mere human conception in their very rudiments and 
seeds, they have been muddled, visionary, unpractical, 
sophistical, unprogressive, and useless, even almost as 
much as the verbal scholastic philosophies of the 
Middle Ages. 

4. First Principles. — Phrenology does not now claim 
to be an entirely completed science. As far as it has 
now advanced it consists as a science of two parts, viz. : 

(1) . A system of physiological facts and their cor- 
responding mental phenomena. 

(2) . A system of mental philosophy deduced from 
these facts and phenomena, and from other facts and 
phenomena related to them. 

The chief principles of the basis or fundamental or 
physiological part of the science of Phrenology may 
be stated thus : 

(1). The brain is the special organ of the mind. 
The essence and mode of operation of the mind itself 
are inscrutable ; we can only study its manifestations 



The Human Body and its Functions. 27 

(2) . The mind, though essentially a unit, is made up 
of about forty different faculties, each of which is 
manifested by means of a particular part of the brain, 
set apart exclusively for it and called its organ. The 
faculties may be possessed in different degrees by the 
same person, and so may the same faculty by different 
persons. 

(3) . When other conditions are the same, the larger 
the brain the stronger it is ; and the larger the portion 
of brain occupied for the manifestation of a faculty, 
the stronger its manifestation. 

(4) . Those portions of brain used for faculties re- 
lated to each other are located together. Thus the 
brain is divided into regions or groups, as well as into 
organs. The location and boundaries of these organs 
and regions may be best learned from the Phrenolog- 
ical Bust, and the accompanying diagram (fig. 2). 

(5) . Each group has its collective function. The 
propelling faculties give force in all actions ; the social 
adapt us to our fellows ; the selfish lead us to take care 
of ourselves ; the intellectual enable us to understand 
men and things, whatever is to be known, and the 
means of dealing with them ; and the moral and re- 
ligious are meant to control all the rest by subjecting 
them to the tribunals of kindness, justice, and of the 
Divine Law. 

(6) . The original normal conditions which deter- 
mine the excellence and efficiency of the mind as 
operative through the brain are : 

1. Quantity of brain. 

2. Quality of fiber of brain. 

3. Relative size of parts of brain. 

4. Influence of body upon brain. 



28 



The Temperaments. 



(7) . Each faculty is susceptible of improvement or 
deterioration, and may be strengthened, perverted, 
neglected, or weakened. 

(8) . Each faculty is in itself good, and was given 




LOCATION OF THE OEGANS. 



1. Amativeness. 
A. Conjugal Love. 

2. Parental Love. 

3. Friendship. 

4. Inhabitiveness. 

5. Continuity. 

E. VlTATITENESS. 

6. Combativeness. 

7. Destbuctiveness. 

8. AltMENTIVENESS. 

9. Acquisitiveness. 

10. Seceetiveness. 

11. Cautiousness. 

12. Appbobativeness. 



13. Self-esteem. 

14. Firmness. 

15. Conscientiousness. 

16. Hope. 

17. Spirituality. 

18. Veneration. 

19. Benevolence. 

20. Constructjveness. 

21. Ideality. 
B. Sublimity. 

22. Imitation. 

23. Mirth. 

24. Individuality. 

25. Form. 



26. Size. 

27. Weight. 

28. Color. 

29. Order. 

30. Calculatiok. 

31. Locality. 

32. Eventuality. 

33. Time. 

34. Tune. 

35. Language. 

36. Causality. 

37. Comparison. 

C. Human Nature. 

D. Sauvity. 



by the Creator for good. The improvement of man, 
therefore, does not imply the extinction, or distortion, 
or stunting of any faculty, nor the creation of new 
ones, but the culture needed by each, the harmoniz- 



The Human Body and its Functions. 



29 



ing of all, and their pleasant action separately or to- 
gether, in due subordination, and with the right 
degree of activity. 

In addition to these diagrams, the student of Phre- 
nology should have at hand a PHRENOLOGICAL BUST, 
somewhere near the size of life, showing the exact 
location of each organ. Then, by comparing living 
heads one with another, the differences would appear 
most palpable. Extend your observations, and com- 
pare the well-known characters of those having long 
and narrow heads with those of persons who have 
short and broad heads ; or compare the high heads 
with the low, and however skeptical you may be, you 
will be compelled to accept the general principles of 
Phrenology. 



II. 



A GENERAL VIEW OF THE TEMPERAMENTS. 

When we compare man with the lower animals, we 
observe certain characteristic features which do not 
permit us, for a moment, to confound him with even 
the most elevated of them. Comparing man with 
man, while we recognize specific traits common to all 
individuals of the race, we also note no less obvious 
differences. One is tall and muscular ; ano-ther, short 
and plump ; a third, small and slender. This dainty 
brown-haired girl is delicately fair, we say — the rose 
and the lily softly blend on her cheek ; that boy is 
as ruddy as a Spitzenberg apple ; yonder man is 
swarthy and has black eyes, while those of the girl are 
gray and the boy's blue. We also observe that the 
functions of life are not performed in all with the 
same degree of force or rapidity, and that their likes 
and dislikes have neither the same direction nor the 
same intensity. These differences, with others which 
need not be here specified, are the results and the 
indications of what is called Temperament — the cor- 
poris habitus of the ancients — which may be briefly 
defined as " a particular state of the constitution de- 
pending upon .the relative proportion of its different 
masses and the relative energy of its different func- 
tions." 

We have shown in the preceding chapter that the 

(30) 



A General View of the Temperaments. 31 

body is made up of certain grand systems of organs with 
their various subdivisions. First, we have the bony 
framework, bound together by ligaments, and over- 
laid with bundles of muscular fibers, by means of which 
its parts are moved and locomotion produced — the 
whole constituting the Motive or Mechanical System ; 
second, the Vital or Nutritive System, whose principal 
masses lie in the chest and abdomen, and consist of 
lymphatics, blood-vessels, and glands, performing 
such functions as digestion, secretion, circulation, 
and depuration ; and, third, the Mental or Nervous 
System, having its principal seat in the cranium, but 
extending itself, in minute ramifications, through 
every part of the body, and furnishing the mediums 
of sensation and volition. 

It is by the combination of these constitutional 
elements, in various proportions, that the body is 
tempered — the predominating element determining 
the temper, or Temperament, and the others the in- 
numerable modifications it may present. 

It must be evident from this view of the nature of 
the various states of the constitution, that in theii 
ultimate analysis, the Temperaments must be as nu- 
merous as the individuals of the human race — no two 
persons, probably, having precisely the same physical 
organization — that is, the same proportion of each ele- 
mental ingredient of the compound structure in 
which each lives, moves, and has a being. 

It is essential for practical purposes, therefore, to 
reduce these numberless individual peculiarities to 
their simplest elements, and adopt some classification 
under which we can group together such persons as 



32 



The Temperaments. 



resemble each other in certain particulars, or whG 
have a similar organization. To this end, writers on 
the subject have generally considered the Tempera- 
ments under from three to five general heads, each, 
of course, susceptible of subdivision. 

Temperament, as we have said, is a constitutional 
condition produced by the mixing in various propor- 
tions of certain physical elements. A particular Tem- 
perament is the result of the preponderance of one 
of these elements over all the others, all the elements 
existing in each case. In theory we may suppose all 
of them represented in exactly equal proportions. 
The ancients, assuming the possibility of such cases, 
were accustomed to speak of the Temperamentum 
Temper atum — the Temperate, Harmonious, or Bal- 
anced Temperament. We are hardly able to conceive, 
however, in the human species, a single instance in 
which there is a perfect equilibrium in all its parts ; 
at the same time, as we do find, in rare instances, per- 
sons in whom the different systems of organs are so 
nearly equal in development, that it is difficult to de- 
termine which predominates, and, therefore, some- 
times speak of them as having a Balanced Tempera- 
ment — the best Temperament of all, for the general 
purposes of existence — and one that will become more 
and more common as the race progresses in knowledge 
of its own organization and in the practical applica- 
tion of the laws of life. 

I.— The Causes of Temperamental Conditions. 

We are accustomed to speak of Temperament as 
a cause rather than an effect — a cause of various men- 



A General View of the Temperaments. 33 

tal characteristics with which its diverse indications 
are found associated ; and, in a certain sense, this is a 
correct expression of a fact, the conditions of the body 
largely affecting the manifestations of the mind ; but, 
primarily, the constitutional peculiarities of the phys- 
ical system are the effects of pre-existing mental traits, 
either in the subject or his progenitors, and become 
causes affecting character, only as they react upon it. 

Everywhere it is the indwelling life which deter- 
mines the organization and external forms of things. 
In the seed-germ lies hidden the living principle which 
settles beyond the possibility of change the specific 
character of the future plant, and even to some ex- 
tent its less permanent traits, such as size, vigor, and 
fruitfulness. In the same way the impregnated ani- 
mal ovum infolds the unborn organism. Knowing 
its parentage, we predict with certainty in advance 
its racial characteristics, and with some confidence 
its individual peculiarities. The first direction has 
already been given to the vital forces, creating a tend- 
ency to a certain mental and physical constitution — 
the latter as a consequence of the former —and what- 
ever influences may thereafter, either before or after 
birth, be brought to bear upon it, this original tend- 
ency must always remain a potent element in the 
combination. 

The brain takes its form and quality from the in- 
telligence which creates and makes use of it, and the 
body is modeled after the pattern set by the brain ; 
so that Temperament is primarily a result and not a 
cause of character. The bodily habit is the outgrowth 
of a spiritual condition. 
2* 



34 



The Temperaments. 



As in speaking of the different Temperaments, in 
detail, we shall have occasion to show what particular 
causes tend to create and develop each, it is not neces- 
sary here to go beyond these general statements ; but 
we must beg the reader to observe that while we 
wish to impress upon the mind the fact that the tem- 
peramental conditions of the body are the results of 
pre-existing mental characteristics and states, we by 
no means undervalue the reactive influence of Tem- 
perament upon mental characteristics and states. 
Having to deal mainly with temperamental conditions 
as we find them already constituted and established, 
this last view of the matter becomes, in practice, a 
very important one. 

II. — The Ancient Doctrine of the Temper- 
aments. 

The ancients did not fail to observe those differ- 
ences of bodily organization and functional action, 
with their accompanying mental peculiarities, which 
we have noted as distinguishing the individuals of the 
human race, one from another ; and four Temper- 
aments, founded on certain constitutional conditions, 
were recognized and described by Hippocrates, " the 
father of medicine." These Temperaments, accord- 
ing to his theory, depended upon what were then 
known as the four primary components of the human 
body — the <blood, the phlegm, the yellow bile, and the 
black bile. The preponderance of one or the other 
of these components in a person produces his peculiar 
constitution or Temperament. Persons in whom the 
blood predominates, he says, have the Sanguine Tern- 



A General Vtew of the Temperaments. 35 

perament ; if phlegm be in excess, the Phlegmatic 
Temperament ; if yellow bile be most fully developed, 
the Choleric Temperament is produced ; and if black 
bile be most abundant, the Melancholic Temperament. 

Paulus ^Egineta, an ancient physician, adopting the 
theory and following the classification of Hippocrates, 
describes these Temperaments as follows : 

1. The Sanguine Temperament. — The Sanguine or 
Hot and Moist Temperament is more fleshy than is 
proper, hairy and hot to the touch. Persons having 
this Temperament in excess are liable to putrid 
disorders. 

2. The Phlegmatic Temperament. — The Phlegmatic 
or Cold and Moist Temperament is gross, fat, and lax. 
The skin is soft and white ; the hair tawny and not 
abundant ; the limbs and muscles weak ; the veins 
invisible ; the character timid, spiritless, and inactive. 

3. ** The Choleric Temperament. — The Choleric or 
Warm and Dry Temperament is known by abundant 
dark hair ; large and prominent veins and arteries ; 
dark skin ; and a well-articulated muscular body. 

4. The Melancholic Temperament. — The Melancholic 
or Cold and Dry Temperament is known by hard, 
slender, and white bodies ; small muscles and joints ; 
and little hair. In disposition, persons of this Tem- 
perament are timid, spiritless, and desponding. 

The ancients discovered or fancied certain corre- 
spondences between the Temperaments and the va- 
rious ages, passions, degrees of temperature, climatic 
conditions, and so on. Thus : 

1. The Phlegmatic corresponds with infancy, tim- 
idity, spring and a temperate climate ; 



36 



The Temperaments. 



2. The Sanguine, with youth, emulation, summer 
and a warm climate ; 

3. The Choleric with manhood, ambition, autumn 
and a hot climate ; 

4. The Melancholic, with age, moroseness, winter 
and a cold climate. 

III. — Modifications of the Ancient Doctrine. 

The doctrines of Hippocrates and the ancient phy- 
sicians were often discussed, but never greatly modi- 
fied, until the advances made in physiology and 
humoral pathology in comparatively recent times ren- 
dered their defects too obvious to be longer overlooked ; 
and even then, the same classification and nomencla- 
ture were generally adhered to. Stahl first adapted 
them to the modern views of physiology and pathol- 
ogy. At a later day, Dr. Gregory, to the four Tem- 
peraments of the ancients, added a fifth, which he 
called the Nervous Temperament, while Cullen re- 
duced them to two — the Sanguine and the Melan- 
cholic. 

Richerand, who devotes considerable space in his 
" Elemensde Physiologie " to the Temperaments, writes 
on the subject with much good sense and clearness. 
He considers the melancholic or Atrabilious Temper- 
ament of the ancients as a diseased and abnormal 
rather than a natural state of the constitution, and the 
Nervous Temperament of Dr. Gregory as equally so. 

The ancients (and the same remark will apply to 
the greater number of modern writers on the subject) 
were accustomed to look upon the Temperaments from 



A General View of the Temperaments. 



37 



3. merely physiological or rather a pathological stand- 
point, and little, comparatively, was said or known of 
the reciprocal influences of physical and mental qual- 
ities and states. The Sanguine Temperament — the 
happiest of all — however, was believed to give cheer- 
fulness and careless good humor ; the Phlegmatic, to 
incline its subjects to laziness, sleepiness, and torpidity; m 
the Choleric, to dispose men to be precipitate and im- 
petuous, prone to anger, impatience, temerity, and 
quarrels; and the Melancholic, to induce timidity, 
suspiciousness, inordinate anxiety, and tardiness in 
action. " Melancholic men," Hoffmann says, " should 
be counselors ; choleric persons, generals, ambassadors, 
and orators ; and sanguinous people, courtiers ; but 
men who have the misfortune to be phlegmatic must 
be condemned to the lowest employments, being fit 
only for common laborers or soldiers." 

IV. — The Brain as a Temperamental Element. 

It will be observed that, so far, no account is taken 
of the brain as an element entering into the process 
of tempering the constitution, nor is the nervous sys- 
tem apparently considered, except by Dr. Gregory in 
his questionable addition to the list of Temperaments. 
The writers quoted and referred to in the preceding 
sections, even so far back as Hippocrates, knew all 
that was necessary to know, in a merely physiological 
point of view, of the lungs, the liver, the heart, and 
the stomach, and attributed to them their proper 
functions. They were acquainted, also, with the re- 
ciprocal action of these organs, and recognized the fact 



38 



The Temperaments. 



that upon the proper balance of their forces depends 
the health of the body ; but the brain was an unex- 
plored region — an anatomical terra incognita. Dr. Gall, 
" the Columbus of the mental world," added its broad 
fields to the domains of general knowledge and made 
\t obvious enough that it must be an important factor 
in any problem involving temperamental conditions. 
The attention of Dr. Gall and his co-worker, Dr. 
Spurzheim, however, was too closely confined to the 
brain itself, in its relations with mental manifestations, 
to permit them to add much to our knowledge of the 
Temperaments. The latter seems to have adopted 
the modification of the ancient system proposed by 
Dr. Gregory, so far as the Nervous Temperament is 
concerned. He briefly describes four Temperaments, 
as follows : 

V— Dr. Spurzheim's Description of the Tem- 
peraments. 

1. The Lymphatic Temperament. — The Lymphatic 
or Phlegmatic Temperament is indicated by a pale 
white skin, fair hair, roundness of form, and repletion 
of the cellular tissue. The flesh is soft, the vital actions 
are languid, the pulse is feeble ; all indicate slowness 
and weakness in the vegetative, affective, and intel- 
lectual functions. 

2. The Sanguine Temperament. — The Sanguine 
Temperament is proclaimed by a tolerable consistency 
of flesh, moderate plumpness of parts, light or chest- 
nut hair, blue eyes, great activity of the arterial sys- 
tem, a strong, full, and frequent pulse, and an animated 
countenance. Persons thus constituted are easily af- 



A General View of the Temperaments. 39 

fected by external impressions, and possess greater 
energy than those of the former temperament. 

3. The Bilious Temperament. — The Bilious Temper- 
ament is characterized by black hair, a dark, yellowish, 
or brown skin, black eyes ; moderately full, but firm 
muscles, and harshly-expressed forms. Those en- 
dowed with this constitution have a strongly-marked 
and decided expression of countenance ; they mani- 
fest great general activity and functional energy. 

4. The Nervous Temperament. — The external signs 
of the Nervous Temperament are fine thin hair, deli- 
cate health, general emaciation, and smallness of the 
muscles, rapidity in the muscular actions, vivacity in 
the sensations. The nervous system of individuals so 
constituted preponderates extremely and they exhibit 
great nervous sensibility. 

This and similar modifications of the ancient system 
are still received by medical and physiological writers 
generally. 

VI. — Normal Temperamental Conditions. 

It remained for the later Phrenologists to eliminate 
from the old systems all the abnormal conditions and 
place the doctrine of the Temperaments on a strictly 
anatomical and physiological basis. Adopting the 
simple classification of the bodily organs set forth in 
our first chapter, including them all under the three 
heads of— 

1. The Motive or Mechanical System; 

2. The Vital or Nutritive System ; and 

3. The Mental or Nervous System ; — 

and considering simply the healthful and normal ac- 



40 



The Temperaments. 



tion of these diverse orders of organs, as they affect 
character and are affected by it, they found in each 
the basis for a Temperament, the three including, 
in their various combinations, all possible constitu- 
tional conditions. Adopting the nomenclature of 
anatomy rather than that of pathology, they called 
them — 

1. The Motive Temperament; 

2. The Vital Temperament ; and 

3. The Mental Temperament. 

" Each of these temperaments is determined by the 
predominance of the class of organs from which it 
takes its name. The first is marked by a superior de- 
velopment of the osseous and muscular systems, form- 
ing the locomotive apparatus ; in the second the vital 
organs, the principal seat of which is in the trunk, 
give the tone to the organization ; while in the third 
the brain and nervous system exert the controlling 
power." 

As we purpose to make this simple and comprehen- 
sive system the principal basis of our practical teach- 
ings in this work, availing ourself, as occasion requires, 
however, of the advantages of what may be called the 
pathological system of previous writers, we shall re- 
serve for separate chapters full expositions of both. 
Our object here has been simply to prepare the reader, 
by a general view, for the better comprehension of 
the details which are to follow. 



III. 



THE PATHOLOGICAL VIEW OF THE TEMPERA- 
MENTS. 

WITH very few exceptions, writers on the Temper- 
aments, from Hippocrates to Thomas, have been phy- 
sicians. In the study and practice of their profession, 
these gentlemen are accustomed to have their atten- 
tion constantly directed to the various diseases and 
abnormal conditions of the constitution, and it is not 
strange that they have taken account of these con- 
ditions, as well as of its healthful and normal states, 
in their classifications, or that they have adopted, in 
their nomenclature, the terms of pathology rather 
than those of physiology and anatomy ; nor are we 
disposed to quarrel with them or to depreciate their 
labors on this acqount. Their system has a solid 
foundation and a real value. The stomach, the lungs, 
the liver, and the brain furnish four distinct constitu- 
tional influences, either of which predominating, gives 
its peculiar conformation and complexion to the body, 
and its specific tone to the mind. 

The Temperaments thus formed may all represent 
perfectly normal bodily conditions, but two of them 
— the Lymphatic and the Nervous — as generally de- 
scribed, are evidently the results of abnormal or dis- 
eased action. We accept them as such. They are 
iot any the less real from being aberrant or unnatural. 
Such states of the constitution are far too common to 

(4i) 



42 The Temperaments. 



be ignored, and whether we call them Temperaments 
or give them other names, it is necessary to take them 
into account, not only in treating disease, but in esti- 
mating character, educating children, or choosing a 
profession or a companion. 

There need be no conflict between this system and 
the simpler and more natural one to which we have 
given preference in this work. All that is necessary 
in applying the two conjointly, is to bear in mind the 
distinction between the normal and the abnormal ac- 
tivities of the organs of the body and the brain. 

We adopt, then, in this chapter, the classification 
and nomenclature now most generally accepted and 
made use of by medico-physiological writers, and de- 
scribe in detail the four Temperaments known as — 

1. The Lymphatic Temperament ; 

2. The Sanguine Temperament ; 

3. The Bilious Temperament ; and 

4. The Nervous Temperament. 

I.— The Lymphatic Temperament (Fig. 3). 

/j This is essentially the Phlegmatic Temperament 
of the ancients, and is based, as its name indicates, 
upon the predominance of the lymphatic system, the 
office of which is to convey the lymph from all parts 
of the body toward the heart. The undue prepon- 
derance of these organs, and of the stomach and the 
glandular system, with which they are in close rela- 
tion, leads to an excessive secretion of the watery 
fluids of the body, resulting in repletion, a sluggis • 
circulation, and a general clogging of the vital machir 




JACK HENDERSON. HON. WM. MAULE PANMURE, M. P. 



FIG. 3. — THE LYMPHATIC TEMPERAMENT. 

There is great difficulty in securing portraits representing this Temperament, but 
the above shows its general tendency. 



PLATE I. 



The Pathological View of the Temperaments. 43 

ery. The muscles, burdened with a useless load, act 
with difficulty and lack promptness in their move- 
ments ; the heart beats slowly ; and the brain, receiv- 
ing tardily an inadequate supply of vitalized blood, 
partakes of the sluggishness of the general system. 

1. Causes. — During the first months of life, the 
function of nutrition takes precedence of all others. 
In infancy, therefore, those organs on which nutri- 
tion specially depends — the stomach and the other 
glandular organs closely connected therewith, and 
the lymphatics — naturally exercise a predominating 
influence. There is manifested, at this period, in 
many cases, an inherited predisposition to an excess- 
ive development of the lymphatic system, which, if 
not counteracted, necessarily results in abnormal con- 
ditions of the constitution, most unfavorable to 
health and mental power. It is exceedingly impor- 
tant, therefore, that the causes which are calculated 
to aggravate this tendency should be known, in order 
that they may be avoided and the necessary counter- 
acting influences be brought to bear, while the sub- 
ject is still plastic and easily affected by them. 

The causes most influential in producing that ab- 
normal constitutional condition known as the Lym- 
phatic Temperament are such as affect the subject 
not only directly in his own person, but pre-natally, 
through its progenitors. They are both physical and 
mental. Among the former are : 

(1). Living in low, moist, or marshy districts per- 
vaded by malaria. Holland, Belgium, England, and 
parts of the Southern States of the American Union 
furnish many striking examples. 



44 



The Temperaments. 



(2) . Residing in densely-shaded places, where the 
sun penetrates but little and the air is confined and 
therefore not easily purified. Confinement within 
doors, in rooms kept constantly darkened by blinds 
and curtains, is another form of the same potent 
evil — exclusion of sunlight and fresh air. 

(3) . The crowding together of many people, as in 
the tenement-houses of cities, resulting in a poisoned 
atmosphere and general filthiness. 

(4) . Sedentary in-door employments and lack of 
exercise in the open air. 

(5) . Errors of diet, especially in connection with 
the other causes enumerated, and where there is a 
pre-existing tendency to the lymphatic habit. A too 
exclusive use of watery vegetables, leguminous seeds, 
and dishes prepared with milk is found very injurious 
in such cases. In children manifesting the unfavor- 
able predisposition referred to, the too long-con- 
tinued use of a milk diet will be likely to greatly 
aggravate it. 

The mental causes of this temperamental condi- 
tion, though perhaps less obvious, are equally power- 
ful. They are numerous, but the most noteworthy 
am: 

(1) . A false system of education, calculated to de- 
velop the mind at the expense of the body, repress 
the natural activities of childhood and youth, and 
prevent the harmonious expansion of the faculties, 
and thus lower the tone of every part of the general 
system. 

(2) . "An utter neglect of mental culture, equally 
injurious to the abuse of intellectual development 



The Pathological View of the Temperaments. 45 

referred to in the preceding paragraph, leaving the 
mind in a half-dormant state and fostering idleness, 
indolence, indifference, and ennui. 

(3). Care, anxiety, disappointment, grief, and the 
depressing passions generally, which impair the brain 
and debilitate and soften the body and prevent its 
proper development. 

These and other similar influences, mental and phys- 
ical, tend to create and develop not only a most un- 
desirable constitutional condition, but often lead to 
the establishment of a scrofulous habit of body, 
almost sure to culminate in confirmed disease. 

2. Characteristics. — (1). Physically, persons in 
whom the Lymphatic Temperament is strongly devel- 
oped are characterized by a stature above rather than 
below the medium, except in those cases in which ex- 
cessive morbid conditions in childhood and youth 
have led to an arrest of development ; fullness of body, 
sometimes amounting to excessive corpulence, caused 
rather by the settling of the watery fluids under the 
skin than by the bulk of the muscles ; softness and 
flabbiness of flesh ; contours, full, but without grace 
or beauty ; articulations, voluminous, but badly 
formed ; extremities, large and ugly ; features, full, 
heavy, and expressionless, the cheeks being often pen- 
dant and the lips thick ; skin, a dull leaden white, 
faded or yellowish and generally cold and moist ; hair, 
fine, silky, but lustreless, a pale blonde, sometimes 
reddish — in childhood, sometimes a dull white ; ex- 
pression, mild, benevolent, timid, often sad ; voice, 
monotonous; pulse, slow and feeble; movements, 
sluggish ; walk, slow, painful, and uncertain. In ex- 



46 The Temperaments. 

treme cases, some of these characteristics are enor- 
mously exaggerated. In women, the greater compara- 
tive fullness and activity of the lacteals give them 
more influence in the lymphatic system, and modify 
favorably the manifestations of this Temperament. 

(2). The mental characteristics of the Lymphatic 
Temperament are in unison with the bodily traits we 
have described. The brain is not less sluggish than 
the body, and there is a strong desire for repose, and 
an aversion, more or less invincible, to everything 
which calls for active exertion. There is often ex- 
cellent common sense, good judgment, and fine 
general abilities, though little originality or imagina- 
tion ; but these qualities are generally of little value 
to their possessor, on account of the constitutional 
inertness which prevents their efficient exercise. The 
disposition is mild, amiable, and timid, with a tendency 
to sadness, indifference, and ennui. The currents of 
life are too sluggish to give any useful motion to the 
mental machinery. 

3. Remedial Agencies. — To correct the grave and 
deeply-seated evils of which the Lymphatic Temper- 
ament is an indication, is certainly difficult, especially 
when they are congenital or have become chronic ; 
but, except in extreme cases, we need not despair of 
effecting an improvement, if not a radical cure. 
Among the most important and generally available 
means to this end are : 

(1). The removal, so far as possible, of the causes 
which have been instrumental in producing the ob- 
jectionable condition, whether these be physical or 
mental — a residence in an insalubrious district, un- 



The Pathological View of the Temperaments. 47 



healthful surroundings, a bad diet, a false educational 
system, or depressing passional influences. 

(2). The direct application of counteracting agen- 
cies, such as a nutritious, strengthening, and somewhat 
stimulating diet, consisting largely of wholesome 
animal food ; such outdoor exercises as will best 
promote the development of the muscular and vital 
systems ; and such mental stimuli as are calculated to 
awaken the dormant energies of the mind. An in- 
terest in any study, occupation, or pursuit once ex- 
cited, and an important step in the right direction 
has been gained, making the succeeding ones com- 
paratively easy. The conditions against which we 
have to contend are negative ones — torpidity, stag- 
nation, inertia. We must, then, stimulate, encourage, 
vitalize — promote activity in body and brain. 

II. — The Sanguine Temperament (Fig. 4). 

The predominance of the arterial circulatory sys- 
tem, the lungs and the capillary vessels generally, 
constitute the organic basis of the Sanguine Tem- 
perament — the most favored of all in those desirable 
physical conditions conducive to health and happi- 
ness, without, however, promising so much in the 
way of an illustrious or useful career. As now con- 
stituted and described, it is a modification of the 
Sanguine Temperament of the ancients, the changes 
being the results of modern researches in physiology 
and pathology. 

1. Causes. — This Temperament, being a positive 
rather than a negative constitutional condition, and 
replete with vigor and healthful activities, tends 



4 8 



The Temperaments. 



strongly to perpetuate itself. When fully developed 
in either parent, it very generally forms a strong if 
not a controlling element in the progeny. Of the 
causes which promote its development, the following 
are the most important : 

(1) . A climate neither too moist nor too dry, and 
free from malaria, and a healthful habitation and sur- 
roundings, admitting the sunlight, and insuring at 
all times an abundance of fresh air. 

(2) . Daily, active outdoor exercise, embracing 
sports and employments calculated to interest the 
mind as well as invigorate the body. 

(3) . A wholesome diet, in which foods selected 
from the animal kingdom hold an important place, 
and into which watery vegetables, strong acids, and 
milk do not enter too largely. 

(4) . A rational system of education, in which, in 
its earlier stages at least, more prominence is given 
to health and physical development than to mental 
culture, and which is free from those injurious re- 
straints and that repressive discipline which prevent 
the child or the youth from enjoying without diso- 
bedience or a sense of wrong-doing the sports of his 
age. 

(5) . The culture and development of the affections 
and the removal of the causes of the violent passions 
of ambition, envy, jealousy, and hate, which exert an 
exhausting and depressing influence. 

2. Characteristics. — (1). The Sanguine Tempera- 
ment is characterized, physically, by a stature gen- 
erally above the medium ; a well-proportioned body, 
the chest being particularly well-developed, and the 



. GRATZ BROWN. 

■THE SANGUINE TEMPERAMENT. 



PLATE li. 



The Pathological View of the Temperaments. 49 

muscles modeled for elegance and suppleness rather 
than for power and solidity ; articulations thin, slen- 
der, and in harmony with the members, the extremi- 
ties of which they unite, and with the general habit 
of the body, which indicates activity and grace rather 
than strength, its type being the Apollo Belvedere. 
The head is generally well formed and moderate in 
size, and the proportions between the cranium and 
the face harmonious. The skin is fine, soft, pliable, 
and transparent ; the complexion, suffused by the 
highly-vitalized blood which the powerful arterial 
system supplies, always fresh and ruddy ; the hair, 
blonde, red or chestnut, rarely dark, and the expres- 
sion cheerful, frank, benevolent, and sincere. The 
face is inclined to roundness, the lips are full and red, 
and the eyes blue, brilliant, and expressive. The 
pose of the body is natural and dignified, and the 
movements graceful, easy, and precise. The organi- 
zation, as a whole, is characterized by vigor, warmth, 
and functional activity. 

(2). As the physical functions are rapidly and vigor- 
ously performed and the blood rich and warm, so are 
the mental processes characterized by facility and 
quickness, and the disposition by ardor and impulsive- 
ness. Ready, faci e perceptions, brilliant imagination, 
great versatility and vivacity of expression, accom- 
panied by an inability to fix the attention long upon 
any one subject, give to the judgment more prompt- 
ness than solidity, and to aquisition and performance 
more variety and showiness than depth and originality. 
A man of this Temperament attains more success in 
the drawing-room among women than among serious- 
3 



50 



The Temperaments. 



ly-minded men, and more distinction on the tribune, 
in literary labor and in the fine arts, than in the cult- 
ure of abstract or positive science, or in studies neces- 
sarily requiring close and long-continued attention. 
Of the powerful and sustained efforts of the highest 
genius he is utterly incapable. These intellectual 
traits are supplemented by a cheerful, lively, easy dis- 
position, great good nature, kindness, credulity, and 
candor. There is always a great fondness for good liv- 
ing, pleasant companionship, and the light and trifling 
rather than the serious affairs of life. In their affections, 
persons of this Temperament are ardent, but often in- 
constant, and their plans and opinions are liable to sud- 
den changes. Naturally impatient and fiery, they are 
often thrown into violent passions, but their outbursts 
are almost always followed by returning kindness, and 
they are seldom obdurate or revengeful. Their strong 
appetites, their active social affections, their impa- 
tience of restraint and love of excitement and change, 
often lead them, when not restrained by well-estab- 
lished moral principles, into a course of frivolity and 
dissipation. Avoiding this, they generally lead a 
cheerful if not a jovial life, enjoying the present, for- 
getting the past, and concerning themselves little 
with the future. 

3. Cultivation. — Where the sanguine element of the 
constitution is deficient, every effort should be made, 
by means of judicious cultivation, to increase its 
development. The agencies to be made use of will 
suggest themselves on recalling the causes which lead 
to its predominance, set forth at the commencement 
of this section. They consist — 



The Pathological View of the Temperaments. 51 

(1) . Negatively, in the avoidance of sedentary em- 
ployments ; confinement in close, darkened, or shaded 
rooms ; a low, innutritious diet ; continuous and ex- 
cessive mental application ; too much muscular exer- 
cise ; all depressing emotions, and everything calcu- 
lated to lower the tone of the system ; and — 

(2) . Positively, in an exposure, as constant as prac- 
. ticable, to fresh air and sunshine ; active employments 

and recreations ; persistent systematic exercises tend- 
ing to expand the chest and increase the power of the 
heart and lungs ; a strong, nutritious, mixed diet ; 
sufficient intellectual exertion to employ and direct 
the mind, without fatiguing it ; cheerful companion- 
ship and pleasant surroundings ; and, if possible, the 
full satisfaction of the social affections. 

4. Counteractive Agencies. — Even a constitutional 
condition, natural and eminently healthful in its 
typical form, may, when in excess, become the source 
of grave evils, or its characteristic tendencies may 
lead to hurtful indulgences, unless restrained by the 
modifying influences of the other temperamental ele- 
ments, or by a predominating sense of moral respon- 
sibility. We must, therefore, learn, if possible, how 
to counteract as well as to encourage, strengthen, and 
develop these tendencies. In the case of the San- 
guine Temperament, the counteracting agencies to be 
brought into play are these : 

(1). Increased activity (leading to increased develop- 
ment) of the muscular and the nervous systems, 
through such exercise and culture as may be best cal- 
culated to call out their strength and give them more 
influence in the organization. A close, patient appli- 



52 



The Temperaments. 



cation (within the limits of health) to some scientific 
study, or a steady adherence to a regular course of 
severe muscular exercise, will effect wonders in bring- 
ing the system into harmony. 

(2). The awakening and development of the moral 
sentiments, and especially those imparting a sense of 
right and wrong, self-respect, and human responsi- 
bility. These will tend to turn the irrepressible activ- • 
ities of this Temperament into channels of innocent 
and honorable recreation and work, and prevent its 
strong and sudden impulses from carrying it into the 
excesses of folly and vice. 

III. — The Bilious Temperament (Fig. 5). 

The Bilious Temperament pivots on the liver, 
the predominating influence of which, through its 
proper functional operations, together with those of 
the nervo-ganglionic centers closely connected there- 
with, constitutes its physical basis, though it involves, 
to a great extent, the whole nutritive system, and 
especially the digestive apparatus. 

Causes. — Aside from an inherited predisposition to 
it, which is the most potent cause of this constitu- 
tional condition, it may be created and is always 
fostered and augmented by — 

(1) . Residence in regions having a dry, hot climate ; 

(2) . A diet largely composed of animal food, and 
especially of bacon and other salted, smoked, or spiced 
meats : tea, coffee, and other stimulating beverages ; 

(3) . Sedentary habits and lack of sufficient exercise 
in the open air; 

(4) . Violent and unpleasant mental excitements, 



E. H. DIXON, M. D. 
FIG. 5. — THE BILLIOUS TEMPERAMENT. 

PLATE 111 



The Pathological View of the Temperaments. 53 

embittering political contests, revolutionary agita- 
tions, religious controversies, and violent passions, 
such as envy, jealousy, and hate. 

Characteristics. — (1). The Bilious Temperament is 
characterized, physically, by a medium stature ; a 
somewhat angular configuration ; strongly-defined 
muscular developments ; a firm pose ; a lofty if not 
audacious bearing ; abrupt, energetic, and expressive 
gestures ; a measured walk ; and an expression of 
countenance generally serious and sometimes somber 
and severe. The skin is rather coarse and dry ; the 
complexion olive, tawny, or dull ; the eyes black or ' 
brown, and the hair dark — often black — strong and 
abundant. The preponderance of the venous over 
the arterial system, places this Temperament in direct 
antagonism to the Sanguine, and the excess of bile 
sometimes secreted renders the system liable to irri- 
table conditions and bilious diseases. 

(2). The mental manifestations of this constitu- 
tional condition are all energetically expressed and 
unmistakable ; and it furnishes generally the most re- 
markable developments of intellect and passion, the 
former rising far above mere cleverness and imagina- 
tion, into the regions of genius, and the latter often cul- 
minating in the sublimest virtues or the most atrocious v 
crimes. It is characterized by precision of judgment, 
power of reasoning, and profundity of perceptions, 
rather than by brilliancy and ingeniousness of concep- 
tions. There is a serious earnestness in all its mani- 
festations ; a predilection for grave and useful labors ; \ 
a distaste for all frivolous pursuits, and a ready renun- 
ciation, at need, of amusement and recreation. Un- 



54 



The Temperaments. 



flinching resolution, dauntless courage, indomitable 
perseverance, and a capability for sustained attention 
and deep research are equally noteworthy traits. The 
style is rapid, concise, expressive, burning ; the elocu- 
tion measured and calm in ordinary conversation, but 
abrupt, incisive, and terrible when expressing violent 
emotions. In its passional or emotional manifesta- 
tions, this Temperament presents strange contrasts 
and contradictions — on the one hand moral grandeur, 
generosity, self-sacrifice, heroic devotion ; on the other, 
ambition, jealousy, envy, vindictive hate, perfidy, and 
cruelty. It is here that the domination of reason and 
the moral sentiments over the passions is most neces- 
sary, and at the same time most difficult to maintain. 
Abandoned to mere impulse, men of this constitution 
become insupportably disagreeable. If conscious of 
their defects and errors, they seem proud rather than 
ashamed of them, make enemies without number, and, 
finally, become isolated, misanthropic, and tired of 
existence. On the contrary, if strongly controlled 
and rightly directed, the powerful forces of these vol- 
canic natures become beneficent agencies for the ac- 
complishment of great ends, overcoming obstacles 
which seem to all others insurmountable, and modi- 
fying the political and moral condition of the world. 
Where the control is imperfect, good and evil are 
strangely mingled in the stormy career of such 
natures, as illustrated by such historic personages as 
Mohammed, Cromwell, and Napoleon. 

An excess of the bilious element, resulting in an 
irritable condition of the digestive and nervo-gan- 
glionic organs ; depressing passions, bitter opposition, 



The Patlwlogical View of the Temperaments. 55 

persecution, injustice, the constant wounding of self- 
love, grief, sad companions, and gloomy surroundings, 
in connection, frequently, with an indulgence in per- 
verse and immoral inclinations, subversive of both 
bodily health and mental soundness, lead to that ab- 
normal condition called by the ancients the Melan- 
cholic Temperament, in which there is a sickly condi- 
tion of body ; a cold, humid skin ; a sallow, dis- 
colored complexion ; a timid, sorrowful, and languid 
expression of countenance ; a depraved appetite ; a 
painful digestion ; disturbed sleep ; depression of 
spirits, defying all consolation ; utter discouragement ; 
inability to take things at their natural value, but a 
setting aside of the real appreciation, in favor of the 
hallucination of a diseased imagination ; the exaggera- 
tion of all painful impressions and the lessening of all 
those which might become agreeable ; an irritability 
which is prone to take offense where none is meant ; 
and a disposition to brood over fictitious wrongs and 
imaginary misfortunes. 

3. Cultivation. — The liver, being remote from the 
brain and more secluded than the organs of circula- 
tion from atmospheric and other external influences, 
the temperamental condition of which it is the source, 
is less readily affected by direct agencies than those 
which depend upon more accessible parts and more 
sensitive tissues. It is, however, to some extent, 
within our control and may be promoted by judicious 
cultivation. The means to this end are : 

(1). Change of residence to a hotter and drier cli- 
mate ; a diet embracing a larger proportion of animal 
food ; the very moderate use of tea and coffee. 



56 



*Ffie Temperaments. 



(2). Active participation in the more stirring move- 
ments of the day, with the discussions, controversies, 
contests, and excitements involved ; and the exercise 
of all the positive, executive, and aggressive elements 
of character. 

4. Counteractive Agencies. — As there is a direct an- 
tagonism between the bilious and the sanguine ele- 
ments of the constitution, we can always make use 
of the one to counteract or modify the other. When, 
therefore, there may be an excessive development of 
the Bilious Temperament, the most efficient means 
of moderating its action, and finally diminishing its 
volume and influence, is by increasing the weight of 
the adverse or sanguinous element, the means of 
doing which have already been set forth under their 
proper head. 

5. Controlling Influences. — The terrible power for 
evil as well as for good residing in this Tempera- 
ment, renders it most important that we should be 
able to turn its energies into the right channels and 
make them minister to the good of the race. The 
moral sentiments must, therefore, be awakened into 
healthy activity and the reasoning powers be well 
developed by judicious exercise. 

6. Remedial Measures. — In the case of such ab- 
normal manifestations as those noted as being 
characteristic of what is called the Melancholic Tem- 
perament, active hygienic measures directed to the 
restoration of the general health should be at once 
resorted to. 

(1). A removal, so far as possible, of all the causes 
calculated to aggravate the diseased condition, such 



The Pathological View of the Temperaments. 57 



as the use of alcoholic liquors, tea, coffee, salted and 
smoked meats, spices and condiments, dull or gloomy- 
companionship, and somber or otherwise disagree- 
able surroundings ; 

(2) . A carefully selected^ coolings unstimulating 
diet composed of farinaceous substances, fruits and 
vegetables ; 

(3) . Frequent bathing (the Turkish Bath being used, 
if possible), and constant and systematic outdoor ex- 
ercise; and 

(4) . Pleasant surroundings, cheerful companionship, 
rational amusements, and constant, but not fatiguing 
occupation for body and mind. 

IV— The Nervous Temperament (Fig. 6). 

The abnormal constitutional condition described 
under this name by medico-physiological writers, is 
unfortunately sufficiently common in this age and 
country to be readily recognized. Its pathological 
character is also evident enough, no healthy man or 
woman ever presenting the characteristics by which 
it is distinguished. It consists in the excessive de- 
velopment and morbid activity of the nervous sys- 
tem, including the brain, though the latter organ, 
taken alone, is not always necessarily either large or 
particularly influential, the nervo-ganglionic system 
being often the chief seat of this constitutional con- 
dition. 

I. Causes. — The causes of this temperamental con- 
dition are mainly peculiar to our " advanced civiliza- 
tion," in regard to which we are accustomed to boast, 
3* 



58 



The Temperaments. 



and consist in the training, habits, and modes of life 
which this civilization permits and encourages. We 
note, as prominent among them : 

(1) . The hereditary transmission of the constitu- 
tion of the parents, and the pre-natal influences 
brought to bear upon the child during gestation, 
through the nervous excitements to which the mother 
is often subjected, and which are readily communi- 
cated and profoundly affect its organization. These 
and similar considerations serve to account for the 
frequency of this condition in countries where civili- 
zation has assumed an effeminate and luxurious 
phase. 

(2) . A false and pernicious system of infantile nur- 
ture, calculated to soften, weaken, and blanch the 
tender, young subject, rather than to build up a solid 
structure of healthy bone and muscle and transfuse 
it with warm, red, vitalized blood. The excessive 
precautions taken to secure the infant against cold 
and all external atmospheric influences, only foster 
and increase the unfavorable hereditary tendencies 
noted in the preceding paragraph, and unfit it for the 
equally inconsiderate, not to say criminal, exposure 
to which, a little later, its tender limbs will be ex- 
posed in its sleeveless short dresses. 

(3) . In early youth, before either body or brain 
have attained sufficient consistency and strength to 
bear the strain, and while growth and physical. train- 
ing should be the principal objects, commences the 
confinement of the school-room with its premature 
and excessive intellectual culture — or the word-stuff- 
ing which passes for culture — and the sad work, com- 



WM. ELLERY CHANNING, D. 
FIG. 6.— THE NERVOUS TEMPERAMENT. 

PLATE IV. 



The Pathological View of the Temperaments. 59 

menced before birth and well advanced in infancy, is 
carried another long step forward. The result is 
either a breaking down, at this stage, of the general- 
health, followed by an early death, or an intellectual 
precocity, inadequately sustained by vital stamina, 
and surely leading to painful disappointments in re- 
gard to a career in life, the brilliant promises of which 
are never sustained. 

(4). In mature life, in addition to confinement 
within doors and lack of exercise, come, if possible, 
still more serious abuses in the excessive use of tea, 
coffee, tobacco, and strong liquors ; the constant ex- 
citements of society ; a passionate devotion to pur- 
suits and pleasures calculated to weaken the nerves, 
while exalting the sensibilities, already too active; 
and, on the part of some, the cares and anxieties of . 
business. These baleful influences are most prevalent 
in cities and towns, but, unfortunately, are not con. 
fined to them. 

2. Characteristics. — (1). Among the physical indi- 
cations of the Nervous Temperament, we find, gen- 
erally, a stature below the medium ; a slight frame ; 
habitual emaciation and a marked predominance of 
the nervous over the muscular system. The head 
is generally relatively large and there is a more or less 
marked disproportion between the cranium and the 
face. The skin and hair are fine and soft ; the eyes 
often gray and very brilliant ; the complexion pale 
and sometimes sallow ; the movements rapid and 
often irregular or convulsive ; and the expression in- 
telligent and vivacious. 

(2). All the mental manifestations are generally 



6o 



The Temperaments. 



lively, prompt, and facile, though sometimes weak 
and indecisive. There is often excessive sensibil- 
ity, leading sometimes to the most painful emotions ; 
quick perceptions ; brilliant imagination ; versatility, 
wit, refinement, and taste. The judgment is sel- 
dom trustworthy, and the affections are often in- 
constant, factitious, and sickly rather than firm, 
hearty, and real. There is little capacity for con- 
tinued attention to any particular subject or for 
patient study or profound research. Grave discus- 
sions, fatigue, and grand abstractions confuse and 
overwhelm the mind. A desire for novelty and 
change ; an equal facility to learn and to forget ; the 
love of the world, its superficial distinctions, its futile 
pleasures, and its enervating fatigues ; absurd sensi- 
tiveness ; easily wounded self-love ; impressions ut- 
terly disproportionate, seemingly, to the objects 
which produce them, and generally exaggerated views 
and feelings are among the irregular characteristics 
of the Nervous Temperament, which is most common 
among women of the wealthier classes, men devoted 
to sedentary pursuits, or to idleness and sensuality, 
and to those of both sexes who habitually make 
excessive use of tea, coffee, tobacco, and alcoholic 
liquors. It is confined almost exclusively to highly 
civilized nations and to warm and temperate cli- 
mates. 

3. Remedial Measures. — The abnormal condition 
we have described, when fully developed and chronic, 
is very difficult to counteract and overcome, more 
particularly on account of the difficulty of removing 
all the causes which have led to its firm establish- 



The Pathological View of the Temperaments. 61 

ment, and must, so long as they exist, continue to 
foster it. 

(1) . We must, however, make it our first object to 
give the patient, so far as possible, immunity from 
all the pernicious influences enumerated among the 
causes of the diseased condition, not forgetting tea, 
coffee, tobacco, and alcoholic liquors ; 

(2) . Constant exercise, moderate at first, and in- 
creased with the increase of strength ; daily bathing ; 
tepid in the beginning and administered with caution, 
but finally colder, for a tonic effect ; a nutritious diet, 
from which strong condiments, and foods not easy 
of digestion are excluded, must be insisted upon ; 
also, 

(3) . Occupations and amusements suited to employ 
healthfully the mind and furnish exercise for the 
muscles, without exciting the one or fatiguing the 
other. 



IV. 



THE ANATOMICAL VIEW OF THE TEMPERAMENTS. 

As has been shown in Chapter I., the human body 
is made up of three grand classes or systems of organs, 
each of which, as a system, has its special function in 
the general economy. We have denominated them — 

r. The Motive or Mechanical System; 

2. The Vital or Nutritive System ; and 

3. The Mental or Nervous System. 

On this natural anatomical basis rests the most 
simple and satisfactory doctrine of the Temperaments, 
of which there are primarily three, corresponding 
with the three systems of organs just named. They 
are called — 

1. The Motive Temperament; 

2. The Vital Temperament ; and 

3. The Mental Temperament. 

Each of these Temperaments is determined by the 
predominance of the class of organs from which it 
takes its name, the constitution being tempered by the 
admixture of the other elements in a less propor- 
tion, all being necessarily present in every human 
being. The first is marked by a superior development 
of the osseous and muscular systems forming the lo- 
comotive apparatus ; in the second, the vital organs, 
the principle seat of which is the trunk, give the tone 
to the organization ; while in the third the brain and 
nervous system exert the controlling power. It will 
(62) 



The Anatomical View of the Temperaments. 63 

be observed that this classification differs from the old 
or pathological one, principally (aside from its nomen- 
clature) in making the vital or nutritive system the 
basis for a single Temperament instead of three. The 
heart, lungs, stomach, and abdominal organs all work 
harmoniously together, and are too closely connected 
to be judiciously separated in considering general 
temperamental condition ; but when a closer analysis 
becomes necessary, we note the proportional devel- 
opment of the sanguine, the bilious, and the lym- 
phatic elements, the first and third of which are associ- 
ated more particularly with the Vital Temperament ; 
and the second, the condensing and hardening ele- 
ment, affects more generally the Motive Tempera- 
ment. The Mental Temperament of this classification 
corresponds with the Nervous Temperament of the 
old system, except that it recognizes only healthy 
conditions of the organs on which it depends for its 
manifestations. 

In the order of their influence, among civilized 
peoples, the Mental Temperament stands first and the 
Vital next, but we have thought it best to begin, as 
in our anatomical description, with the solid basis of 
the whole — the bony framework and the tempera- 
mental condition resting upon it. 

L — The Motive Temperament (Fig. 7). 

The bony framework of the body determines its 
general configuration, which is modified, in its details, 
by the muscular fibers and cellular tissues which over- 
lay it. It is in this framework, which is at the same 
time a most wonderful locomotive apparatus, that we 



6 4 



The Temperaments. 



find the physical basis for that constitutional condi 
tion called the Motive Temperament. The appropri- 
ateness of the name will be conceded when it is con- 
sidered that not only the ability for action, physical 
power, and mental energy, but a love of movement, 
a fitness for hard work, and an earnestness of purpose 
which ignores ease and needless repose, are among its 
characteristics. 

I. Causes. — This Temperament is generally hered- 
itary and is the result of climate, topographical con- 
ditions, and habits of life, acting for generations upon 
families and nations. Among the most influential 
of the physical causes which lead to its existence and 
promote its increase, are : 

(1) . A dry, stimulating atmosphere, encouraging 
physical action and inducing mental vigor, without 
disposing one to the confinement of close study; 

(2) . Residence in rocky, hilly, and mountainous re- 
gions, where great muscular exertion is required to 
gain a subsistence, and where the roads and foot- 
paths are steep and difficult ; 

(3) . Occupations which tend to develop bone and 
muscle rather than cellular tissue or brain, without 
dwarfing the latter by inaction, overwork, or repres- 
sion ; and 

(4) . A diet rich in lime, phosphoric acid, and the 
other bone-forming element, as well as in the mate- 
rials for building up the muscular sheathing of the 
bones. 

Mental causes affect less obviously this tempera- 
mental condition, but they are by no means without 
their influence. 



BARON VON LEIBIG. 
FIG. 7. THE MOTIVE TEMPERAMENT, 
PLATE V. 



The Anatomical View of the Temperaments. 65 

(1) . Whatever hardens the heart, embitters the life, 
arouses the more violent passions, or gives full play 
to ambition and the love of power, promotes, through 
the mental organization, the physical conditions of 
the Motive Temperament. Political agitations, revo- 
lutionary movements, heated religious controversies, 
opposition in all forms, constant resistance to author- 
ity or the will of others, and the necessity for being 
always watchful and on the defensive, are among the 
strongest of these influences ; to which may be 
added : 

(2) . The exercise of authority, especially in mili- 
tary forms, and the weight of great responsibilities, 
calling for the exercise of the executive faculties to 
their full capacity, which are also favorable to its 
culture. 

2. Characteristics. — (1). Bones proportionally large, 
and long rather than broad ; strong, hard muscles, and 
prominent articulations, give to the outlines of the 
form in the Motive Temperament a tendency to an- 
gularity and sharpness. The figure is commonly tall 
and striking, if not elegant ; the chest moderate in 
size and fullness ; the shoulders broad and definite ; 
the abdomen proportional ; the limbs long and only 
moderately tapering. The face is oblong ; the cheek 
bones rather high (as in Figs. 8 and 9) ; the front teeth 
large ; and the features generally prominent and 
sharply defined. The expression of the countenance 
is striking, grave, earnest, determined, and sometimes 
severe and stern. 

In reference to color, we find two distinct varieties 
of this Temperament — the dark and the light, or the 



66 



The Temperaments. 



melanchomous and the xanthous. In the first the 
bilious element is strongly predominant ; in the sec- 
ond the sanguine is sufficiently powerful to impart 
its characteristic redness without producing that con- 
stitutional condition we recognize as the Vital Tem- 
perament. In the dark type, the complexion is 
swarthy, brown or olive, the eyes black or brown, and 
the hair generally black, strong, and abundant. In 
the sanguine type, the complexion may be florid and 
the eyes blue, gray, or hazel. The hair is often red 
and not infrequently sandy. This variety of the Motive 
Temperament is exemplified in the Scandinavian 
peoples — Danes, Swedes, and Norwegians — in the 
Irishmen of the North, in the Highland Scotch of 
the higher class (mainly of Norse origin), and in 
many individuals in all Caucasian nations. The dark 
or bilious type is most common among Americans, 
the tendency of our climate being to produce the 
melanic constitution. 

Wherever we deem it desirable to distinguish these 
two varieties of the Motive Temperament, we shall 
designate the first or dark type as the Bilious-Motive, 
and the second or light variety as the Sanguine- 
Motive. If this mixing up of the old and new no- 
menclatures be considered objectionable, they may 
be called the Melano-Motive and the Xantho-Motive, 
respectively, or simply the Dark-Motive and the 
Light-Motive. 

In persons of this Temperament, firmness of text- 
ure characterizes all the organs, imparting great 
strength and endurance, with an almost unlimited 
capacity for both mental and bodily labor. There is 



The Anatomical View of the Temperaments. 67 

never much superfluous flesh where the Motive Tem- 
perament is strongly predominant, and there is often 
more or less hollowness of cheeks, giving additional 
ruggedness to the features. 

In women, to whom this Temperament is less 
proper than to man, and in whom it is far less 
common, the characteristics we have described are 
more or less modified, departing from the typical 
form in the direction of the rounder, more delicate, 
and softer contours, without losing the clear, definite, 
sharp lines which give the face and figure so strik- 
ing an appearance. With the mental element nearly 
equal to the motive, and the vital not deficient, great 
elegance and a high order of beauty are often mani- 
fested, as in Mary Wortley Montagu (Fig. 10), Lucre- 
zia Borgia, and others. 

Children who inherit this Temperament (Fig. 1 2), and 
in whom active outdoor sports are permitted to give it 
facilities for development, are often very homely and 
awkward, but they improve as they reach maturity. 

(2). The mental characteristics of the Motive Tern 
perament are not less strongly marked than the phys- 
ical. Its subjects are never mere " nobodies," but are 
sure to be known and noted for strong, positive traits 
of character. With an influential tempering with the 
brain element, they are everywhere the acknowledged 
leaders in the sphere of active life, where industry, 
energy, firmness, perseverance, indomitable courage, 
self-control, and executive ability are required and 
appreciated. They are men for the field rather than 
for the council chamber, and are often found at the 
head of armies and of great public works. They are 



58 



The. Temperaments. 



observers rather than thinkers, and execute better 
than they plan. They are self-reliant, ambitious, 
proud, and sometimes arrogant, domineering, and 
cruel. They love power and conquest, and often pur- 
sue their ends with a reckless disregard for the phys- 
ical welfare of both themselves and others. As 
speakers they use strong expressions, emphasize many 
words, and talk to the point, hitting the nail on the 
head with a heavy blow. In whatever way this 
temperamental condition may manifest itself, its mani- 
festation will be forcible, open, and direct. Con- 
stancy in love and in friendship, and persistence in 
hostility and hatred may generally be counted upon 
in persons having this Temperament, especially when 
the dark or bilious element predominates. 

With a marked deficiency in the mental element, 
there may be a very objectionable degree of coarse- 
ness and harshness of feelings, roughness and lack of 
susceptibility to all refining influences, indicated by a 
corresponding coarseness of fiber in the bodily organs, 
bushy hair and beard, and a harsh expression of 
countenance. 

Great power and activity in some particular direc- 
tion, rather than breadth and comprehensiveness, 
characterize those in whom this Temperament is in- 
dicated, and there is generally manifested a directness 
of purpose and a persistence in any determined 
course which nothing is permitted to change. 

The Motive Temperament was common among the 
ancient Romans, and helped to make them masters 
of the world. In the Americans of the United States 
it is also very frequently met with, being with us next 




FIG. IO. — MARY WORTLEY MONTAGU. 




FIG. II.— LITTLE CROW. FIG. 12 —YOUTH. 

PHASES OF THE MOTIVE. 
PLATE VII. 



The Anatomical View of the Temperaments. 6g 

in influence to our predominating mentality. It is 
strongly marked among the North American Indians 
(Fig. 1 i), and is not uncommon in Scotland, Ireland, 
Wales, and France. In America the States of Ver- 
mont, Maine, Kentucky, Tennessee, Missouri, and 
Arkansas are noted for its development. It prevails 
most in mountainous regions. 

There is sometimes met with an abnormal develop- 
ment of the bony and muscular systems, in which 
both the vital and the mental elements are sacrificed 
to mere animal strength. This forms what the an- 
cients called the Athletic Temperament. " It is 
marked by a head proportionally small, especially in 
the coronal region ; a thick neck ; broad shoulders ; 
expanded chest ; and strongly-marked muscles, the 
tendons of which are apparent through the skin. The 
Farnese Hercules furnishes a model of the physical 
attributes of this abnormal condition, in which brute 
strength usurps the energies necessary to the produc- 
tion of thought, and leaves its possessor decidedly 
deficient in all the higher mental and moral mani- 
festations." 

3. Means of Culture. — As the Motive Tempera- 
ment depends upon those parts of the system, the 
hardest, most dense, and the slowest in undergoing 
the processes of growth and decay, it is less readily 
amenable to cultivation than the Vital and the 
Mental Temperaments ; nevertheless, it can be in- 
creased or diminished by persevering efforts in the 
proper direction in each case. 

To promote the development, when desirable, of 
the locomotive system and its characteristic mental 
traits : 



70 



The Temperaments. 



(1) . Choose for residence, when possible, a hilly or 
mountainous region, with a dry, stimulating atmos- 
phere, and accustom yourself to labors or recreations 
calculated to make these advantages available and to 
call into constant action the whole muscular system, 
living and working, so far as possible, in the open 
air ; 

(2) . Let your diet be composed in part of the 
muscular fiber of animals, with bread composed of 
unbolted wheat, and other substances containing 
considerable phosphate of lime and other bone-form- 
ing materials ; 

(3) . Throw yourself heartily into the great currents 
of the world's progress, accepting and seeking oppo- 
sition, discussion, and conflict of opinions. Seek 
positions of responsibility and those calling for the 
exercise of authority and the control of men, and 
involving the execution of important works. If war 
menace your country, and you can conscientiously 
take arms in its behalf, march to the front. Camp- 
life and the clash of arms call out the elements of 
the Motive Temperament through the executive 
faculties of the brain, as well as by the direct culture 
of the bony and muscular systems. 

4. Counteractive Agencies. — To counteract or modify 
any undue or hurtful development or to restrain the 
too violent manifestation of the harsher features of a 
predominant motive constitution, we must — 

(1). Cultivate and encourage in every practicable 
way the antagonistic Vital organs, which predispose to 
geniality, love of ease, and a more cheerful, amiable 
disposition, as well as to versatility, vivacity, and 



The Anatomical View of the Temperaments. Ji 

sociability. The means for doing this are set forth 
under the head of Vital Temperament (Section 4, 
p. 78), which the reader may here consult ; 

(2) . Develop, by exercise, the mental system, 
which has always a softening, elevating, and refining 
influence, favorable to the desired toning down of 
the somewhat hard and rough characteristics of a too 
domineering Motive Temperament. Poetry, belles 
lettres, music, and art are all influential agencies ; 

(3) . Restrain the too violent action of the organs 
of Combativeness and Destructiveness, and oppose 
to Firmness and Self-esteem the modifying influ- 
ences of Benevolence, Conscientiousness, and Appro- 
bativeness. The reasoning faculties, which are gen- 
erally not so well developed, should be cultivated as 
naturally antagonistic to the predominant perceptives 
of this constitution. 

II. — The Vital Temperament (Fig. 13). 

The physical basis of the Vital Temperament is 
found in the nutritive system, occupying the great 
cavities of the trunk and embracing the lymphatics, 
the blood-vessels, and the glands — in other words, the 
organs of absorption, circulation, and secretion. It 
includes the elements of both the Sanguine and the 
Lymphatic Temperaments of the old classification, 
and, in certain cases, a strong infusion of the bilious 
element, as we shall show further on. 

1. Causes. — This is the Temperament of Child- 
hood and its primary causes are to a large extent 
pre-natal. Among the most influential of those 
which promote its development after birth, as well as 



72 



The Temperaments. 



(through the mother) during gestation, are the foL 
lowing : 

(1) . A climate calculated by its temperature and 
atmospheric conditions to encourage and render 
pleasant a large amount of outdoor exercise, and 
neither so dry as to promote the density and hard- 
ness of muscle characteristic of the bilious constitu- 
tion, nor so moist as to induce an abnormal develop- 
ment of lymph. 

(2) . Pleasurable employment or recreation, suffi- 
cient to keep all the bodily organs in tone and the 
mind interested, without fatiguing or overtasking 
either ; with all the rest and sleep required for full 
recuperation. 

(3) . Abundant, wholesome, nutritious, and easily- 
digested food composed largely of farinaceous sub- 
stances, to which is usually added, from the animal 
kingdom, fat beef, mutton, and eggs, and from which 
should be mainly excluded the more watery vege- 
tables and all strong acids. 

(4) . Genial companionship ; harmonious social re- 
lations ; the free action of the affections, in all legiti- 
mate directions; the cultivation of the arts, and 
especially music, and an easy, joyous, untrammeled 
life generally, in which the violent passions — ambi- 
tion, envy, jealousy, hate, etc. — have no part. 

2. Characteristics. — (1). The Vital Temperament i? 
characterized, physically, by a stature above the 
medium, and marked by a breadth and thickness oi 
body proportionally greater, and a size of limbs pro- 
portionally less than in the Motive Temperament. 
The chest is full, the abdomen well developed, the 



NORMAN McLEOD, D. D. 
FIG. 13. — THE VITAL TEMPERAMENT. 

PLATE VIII. 



The Atmtomical View of the Temperaments. 73 

limbs plump, but tapering, and terminating in hands 
and feet relatively small. The neck is short and 
thick, the shoulders broad and well rounded, and the 
head and face, corresponding with the other parts oi 
the system, incline to roundness. The expression of 
the countenance is generally lively, pleasing, frank, 
benevolent, and often mirthful. The pose of the 
body and its movements are natural, easy, graceful, 
and dignified. The pulse is quicker than in the Mo- 
tive Temperament, and the organization throughout 
betokens vigor, warmth, and activity. The cheeks 
flush readily with exercise or emotion, and all the 
senses are active, acute, and refined. 

The Vital Temperament, as we have defined it, in- 
cludes the sanguine element of the constitution, which 
generally, in the Teutonic nations, gives its peculiar 
colors to the complexion, eyes, and hair ; but cases 
occur in which all the essential physical characteris- 
tics of this Temperament are conjoined with the com- 
plexion which belongs to the bilious constitution. 
When we come to the Celtic nations this dark type is 
the prevailing one, as it is, of course, the universal 
one among the dark-skinned races, like the Indians 
and the Negroes. 

Among the light-skinned and fair-haired branches 
of the Caucasian race these departures from the ordi- 
nary type of the Vital Temperament are doubtless 
often due to a strong bilious-motive tendency inher- 
ited from either the father or the mother, but over- 
come in every other direction by the still stronger 
Vital element, or by conditions peculiarly calculated 
to develop the nutritive system generally. Granting 
4 



74 



The Temperaments. • 



this, however, does not change the aspects of the 
case, as it applies to the dark branches of the race, 
among whom the Vital Temperament is as common 
as with us — in fact, it is the prevailing one among the 
Spaniards and their descendants, all swarthy, black- 
haired people. 

These considerations seem to require the recogni- 
tion, as in the Motive Temperament, of two varieties 
of this constitution, the light and the dark, or the 
sanguine and the bilious. In the first the complex- 
ion is florid, the eyes blue, and the hair light ; in the 
second the hair is black or dark brown, the eyes gen- 
erally black or dark brown, but sometimes hazel 01 
gray ; while the complexion may be swarthy, olive, 
brown, copper-colored, yellow, or black. The dark 
or bilious-vital variety is characterized physically 
by more toughness and endurance and less activity 
than the light or sanguine-vital. 

An undue preponderance of the absorbent system, 
conjoined with a sluggish action of the heart and 
lungs, give rise to an abnormal deposit of watery 
fluids under the skin, producing additional fullness, 
and presenting softer and more rounded contours 
than even those properly belonging to this constitu- 
tion, but lacking their well-defined and graceful out- 
lines. 

This condition, when fully developed, constitutes 
the Lymphatic Temperament of the old classifica- 
tion. A feeble leaden color of the skin, or lack of 
expression in the countenance ; a flabbiness of the 
flesh ; great sloth ; and general apathy, both of body 
and mind, characterize this state of the system. Dr 



The Anatomical View of the Temperaments. 75 

Franklin, in his old age, showed something of this 
abnormal temperamental condition, as indicated in 
Fig. 15. 

In a woman of this Temperament (which seems 
to be peculiarly the Temperament for women) the 
shoulders are softly rounded, but owe their breadth 
and thickness to the expanded chest, with which they 
are connected, rather than to the bones and muscles 
of the shoulders themselves ; the bust is full and 
rounded ; the waist proportional, but, as it were, some- 
what encroached upon by the plumpness of the con- 
tiguous parts ; the limbs tapering ; the feet and hands 
small, but plump ; the complexion (in the sanguine 
type) rosy ; the eyes blue ; and the hair flaxen, yellow, 
brown, or auburn. In the dark or Bilious variety, 
similar physical characteristics prevail, except that 
there is more density and hardness of fiber ; less fine- 
ness and delicacy of skin and hair ; an olive or brunette 
complexion ; black or dark brown hair ; and dark eyes. 
In both varieties the figure, as a whole, is full, soft, 
and voluptuous. Persons of this Temperament have 
greater vigor, but less toughness than those of the 
Motive Temperament. They love fresh air and exer- 
cise, and must be always doing something to work 
off the constantly accumulating stock of vitality ; but 
they generally like play better than hard work. 

(2). In correspondence with the vigor and activity 
with which all the bodily functions are performed, 
the mental processes are characterized by quickness, 
facility, and versatility, and the disposition by ardor, 
impulsiveness, and enthusiasm. Persons of this Tem- 
perament are distinguished by elasticity rather than 



7 6 



The Temperaments. 



firmness, and possess more diligence than persistence, 
and more brilliancy than depth. Ready percep- 
tions, rapid deductions, active imagination, and 
vivacity of expression, enable them to make the im- 
pression of much more real talent and power than 
they actually possess. They are showy rather than 
solid ; incapable of fixing the mind long upon one 
object, they are unfitted for the culture of the posi- 
tive abstract sciences. They are subject to violent 
fits of passion, but are as easily calmed as excited ; 
are generally lively, cheerful, amiable, genial, kind, 
good-natured, frank, and candid ; always fond of good 
living, and more apt than others to fall into excesses 
in eating and drinking, and especially to become ad- 
dicted to the intemperate use of stimulants. They 
find enjoyment in the mere sense of animal existence, 
and take for their motto, " Let us live while we live." 
As speakers and writers, they are ready, fluent, flowery, 
and impassioned. Their opinions are often adopted 
without much reflection, and are liable to be often 
changed. In friendship and in love they are ardent 
and sincere ; but the volatility of their charac- 
ters renders them sometimes inconstant and untrust- 
worthy. They are impatient of restraint, and their 
strong social affections and fondness for good living 
are liable, unless restrained, to lead them into courses 
of frivolity and dissipation. With high moral prin- 
ciples to elevate them above such dangers, they gen- 
erally lead happy and useful if not very noteworthy 
lives. Several brilliant writers and speakers have had 
this Temperament, with the mental system influential, 
but not dominant. Fig. 14 illustrates this statement, 



FiG. 14. — MRS. C. B. PFEIFFER. 




FIG. 15.— BENJAMIN FRANKLIN. 

PHASES OF THE VITAL TEMPERAMENT. 
PLATE IX. 



The Anatomical Vietv of the Temperaments. 77 

and indicates the character of the talent associated 
with the predominance of the vital constitution, 
which — though perhaps incompatible with genius — 
often manifests a degree of practicable ability which 
passes with the public for more than genius, because 
not so far above the level of common thought and 
general experience. 

It should be noted here, that where a dark com- 
plexion, black hair, and black or brown eyes are found 
associated with a strongly-developed vital system — 
that is, in the Bilious- Vital Temperament — there is 
always manifested a strength of passion, a depth of 
feeling, and a capacity for sustained effort and per- 
manence of impression and affection — in a word, a 
force of character greater than in the xanthous class, 
while, on the other hand, there is less refinement, del- 
icacy, vivacity, and amiability. 

3. Means of Culture. — The agencies to be made 
use of to increase and develop the vital system, 
when deficient, will suggest themselves on recalling 
what has been said of the primary causes of the 
temperamental condition desired. We will, however, 
repeat : 

(1). Where circumstances permit, choose for resi- 
dence a mild, but not too hot and dry a climate, 
where abundant exercise in the open air will be prac- 
ticable and pleasant, and adopt some occupation 
which will allow such exercise to be taken daily, if it 
be not found in the occupation itself, avoiding, by 
all means, sedentary employments and exclusion 
from the full enjoyment of the sunlight/ Systematic 
gymnastic exercises, calculated to expand the chest 



78 



The Temperaments. 



and increase the power of the heart and lungs, 
should be taken when practicable. Rest and sleep 
must never be stinted, and the system never over- 
tasked. 

(2) . A nutritious diet, composed of easily digested 
articles of food, selected from both the animal and 
the vegetable kingdoms ; from the former, beef and 
mutton, in good proportion (provided the digestive 
system will permit), fish and fresh eggs; and from 
the latter, farinaceous articles, such as Graham bread, 
oatmeal in various forms, rice, tapioca, cornmeal, etc., 
avoiding strong acids and watery vegetables. In all 
cases the healthful action of the digestive organs is 
all-important, as the best selection of food will be of 
no avail where the assimilation is imperfect. 

(3) . Cheerful companionship; pleasant surround- 
ings ; freedom from care ; the full legitimate satisfac- 
tion of the domestic and social affections ; and in- 
tellectual activity, without hard study or continuous 
application. 

4. Counteractive Agencies. — A condition of body 
and mind so conducive to enjoyment, as well as suc- 
cess in life, as the Vital Temperament has been 
shown to be, need seldom, it would seem, to be sub- 
jected to any measures calculated to counteract its 
tendencies or restrain its full activity; nevertheless, 
even the Vital constitution may be in excess, and, 
being so, lead to grave evils. It is as necessary, 
therefore, here, as in regard to the other Tempera- 
ments, to consider the means to lessen its relative 
power, or to modify its action. The most powerful 
counteractive agencies are : 



The Anatomical Viezv of the Temperaments. 79 

(1) . The increased activity (leading to increased 
development) of the. muscular and nervous systems, 
f hrough such exercises and culture as are best cal- 
culated to develop their strength and increase their 
relative influence in the constitution. Constant mus- 
cular exercise ; a close application to business ; a 
systematic study of some scientific subject ; in short, 
full employment for both mind and body, will tend 
to increase both the muscular and the nervous or 
mental systems, and correspondingly depress the too 
active vital powers. Fat and carbonaceous foods, 
puddings, pastry, butter, sugar, cream, and milk 
should be avoided, and a less stimulating diet of 
cooling vegetables and acid fruits, with lean meats, 
be substituted. 

(2) . Where the predominant activity of the social 
affections, the love of good living and jovial compan- 
ionship are likely to lead to excesses and dissipations 
hurtful alike to mind and body, every effort, in addi- 
tion to the means suggested in the preceding para- 
graph, should be made to awaken and develop the 
moral sentiments, and especially those imparting a 
sense of right and wrong, self-respect and responsi- 
bility ; thus may the impulsive, irrepressible activities 
of this Temperament be turned into channels of in- 
nocent recreation and honorable work, if not into 
those leading to great and heroic deeds, instead of 
finding their gratification in the paths of folly and 
vice. 

The proneness of persons of this Temperament to 
become addicted to the excessive use of intoxicating 
drinks and to gluttonous habits, should be impressed 



8o 



The Temperaments. 



upon the minds of the young who are endowed with 
its superabundant vitality, impulse, and passion, and 
habits of strict control over appetite be early estab- 
lished. 

III.— The Mental Temperament (Fig. 16). 

Though the last of the three primary Tempera- 
ments to be described, this stands first in the order 
of influence, the constitutional element on which it 
depends being the leading one in the organization 
of the civilized man, as it includes the brain, as well 
as the sympathetic, sensory, and motor nerves asso- 
ciated with it in mental manifestation ; and it has far 
more influence upon the other temperamental condi- 
tions than they are able to exert upon it. 

I. Causes. — The primary causes of the Mental 
Temperament are the causes of human elevation, of 
intellectual progress, of refinement, of literature and 
art — in short, of civilization. Among barbarous 
tribes it is seldom found, and among savages per- 
haps never. It is generally inherited from one or 
both of the parents, but may be superinduced upon 
a constitution in which it originally held a secondary 
place, by means of a course of training directed to 
that end. 

(1) . By studies and employments calling into full 
and continuous activity the intellectual faculties, and 
especially those most concerned in tracing the con- 
nection between cause and effect and in analytical 
and synthetic processes. 

(2) . By association with cultivated people, in the 
midst of books, pictures, music, and other refining 
influences. 



CARDINAL MANNING. 
FIG. 1 6. — THE MENTAL TEMPERAMENT. 



PLATE X. 



The Anatomical View of the Temperaments. 8 1 

(3). By a diet and regimen of such a character as 
to foster brain rather than bone, muscle, or fat — eggs, 
fish, the flesh of poultry, nuts and cream for instance, 
as foods. 

2. Characteristics. — (1). The Mental Temperament 
is characterized physically by a frame relatively 
slight, and a head relatively large ; an oval face ; a 
high, pale forehead, broadest at the top ; delicately 
cut if not sharp features ; an expressive countenance ; 
a delicate, transparent skin ; fine, soft hair, generally 
light in color and not abundant ; brilliant, speaking 
eyes, generally gray or hazel, and quick in their 
movements ; and a high-keyed, flexible voice. The 
figure is often elegant and graceful, but seldom strik- 
ing or commanding. The muscles are small, but well 
formed, and adapted to rapid action, rather than to 
strength. Fineness and delicacy characterize the 
whole structure ; but there is not necessarily any lack 
of real stamina, as the healthiness and longevity of 
persons of this constitution (when it be not subjected 
to great abuse) abundantly show. The brain is the 
great reservoir of power, but there must be a foun- 
tain of vitality behind it, from which it may draw. 
The Mental and Vital systems are closely correlated 
and act and re-act upon each other in the most har- 
monious manner, in a well-regulated life, but may be 
drawn into the direst antagonism by the abuse or 
abnormal action of either. 

In women of this Temperament, though they are 
often very beautiful, there is a decided lack of the 
embonpoint which characterizes the Vital Tempera- 
ment. The chest and bosom are only moderately 
4* 



82 



The Tcjnperaments. 



developed and the pelvis is generally comparatively 
narrow, betokening a lesser degree of adaptation to 
the distinctive offices of the sex, than in the preced- 
ing Temperaments. 

(2). Mentally this Temperament indicates activity 
of brain, acuteness of the senses, and intensity of 
emotion. The feelings are refined, the taste excel- 
lent, the conceptions vivid, the imagination lively and 
brilliant, and the moral sentiments generally active 
and influential. Persons of this Temperament gen- 
erally manifest a decided taste for literature, and 
especially for poetry, love the fine arts and the beau- 
tiful in all its innumerable forms, and often display 
great talent as writers and artists, if not absolute 
genius — it being, in fact, the literary and artistic, and 
particularly the poetic Temperament. As the coronal 
organs of the brain are generally largely developed, 
and the basilar organs moderately so, good taste, 
delicacy of feelings, and refined manners render those 
in whom the Mental Temperament is influential, ad- 
verse to dissipation and degrading vices, and they 
seldom become criminals, drunkards, or debauchees ; 
but when they do give themselves up to a career of 
crime, they become most dangerous enemies t"o so- 
ciety and are often able to evade justice for a long 
time. When their punishment comes, it is terrible, 
in proportion to their sensitiveness and capacity for 
suffering. 

There is in this age, and especially in America, an 
excessive or morbid development of the nervous 
system which is most inimical to health, happiness, 
and longevity. It prevails particularly among women 




FIG. 17.— MISS FRANCES E. WILLARD. 




FIG. 18. — CHAS. H. PAYNE, D.D., L.L. D. 



PHASES OF THE MENTAL VMENT. 
PLATE XI 



The Anatomical View of the Temperaments. 83 

(to whom even in its normal predominance it is 
less proper than the preceding), and answers to the 
Nervous Temperament of the old classification. It is 
characterized by the smallness and emaciation of the 
muscles, the quickness and intensity of the sensa- 
tions, the suddenness and fickleness of the determina- 
tions, and a morbid impressibility. It is caused by 
sedentary habits ; lack of bodily exercise ; a prema- 
ture and disproportionate development of the brain, 
through a false system of education ; the immoderate 
use of tea and coffee ; late hours ; and other hurtful 
indulgencies. 

3. Means of Culture. — Since the brain is the ruling 
element in the Mental Temperament, it is naturally 
mainly through that organ that it is to be effectively 
developed, though other means are available for aux- 
iliary use in the work : 

(1) . Reading, systematic study, devotion to intel- 
lectual pursuits, habits of consecutive thinking, the 
study and practice of art or literature, cultivated soci- 
ety, and pleasant and tasteful — if possible, beautiful — 
surroundings are among the instrumentalities, acting 
directly through the mind, which may be made use 
of to promote the end in view. 

(2) . As an auxiliary physical influence, a diet cal- 
culated to nourish nerve and brain rather than bone 
and muscle — such articles of food as fish, eggs, the 
flesh of poultry and game, nuts, and milk are among 
the substances to be selected — should be persever- 
ingly adhered to, not excluding, however, the variety 
essential to health. 

4. Counteractive Agencies. — Where it is necessary 



8 4 



The Temperaments. 



to correct a tendency to excessive mental action, 
liable to result in exhaustion and disease, the means 
to be resorted to are, in part — 

(1) . A partial or, temporarily, an entire withdrawal 
from active mental effort, giving the brain time to 
rest and recuperate. 

(2) . Recreation for mind and body in travel, in 
social enjoyments, and in various outdoor amuse- 
ments. 

(3) . The sedulous cultivation of the vital or nutri- 
tive system, for the purpose of developing its various 
organs, and of giving them a greater relative influ- 
ence in the constitution. To this end let the diet and 
regimen be such as are recommended for the purpose 
in Section II. 

IV. — A Balance of Temperaments (Fig. 19). 

There is an ideal condition to which the ancients 
gave the name of Temperamentum temper atum — the 
Temperate Temperament — in which all the constitu- 
tional elements — the Motive, the Vital and the 
Mental, or the Bilious, the Sanguine, the Lymphatic, 
and the Nervous — are perfectly in equilibrium. This 
is constitutional perfection. It has perhaps never 
yet been reached, but we occasionally meet persons in 
whom there is so close an approach to it that we are 
accustomed to speak of them as having a Balanced 
or Harmonious Temperament, it being difficult to 
determine which element is in predominance. Wash- 
ington (Fig. 20), in his prime, seems to have presented 
a good example of this approximate balance of the 



ROBERT COLLYER. 

FIG. 19. — WELL-BALANCED TEMPERAMENT. 
PLATE XII 



The Anatomical Viezv of the Temperaments. 85 

temperamental elements. Later in life the lymphatic 
system appears to have assumed a larger degree of in- 
fluence, indisposing him to all ambitious aspirations, 
as well as to all unnecessary exertion of body 01 
mind. 

With a balance of temperamental conditions, we 
find a well-developed, symmetrical body ; shapely 
limbs ; regular features ; an evenly-formed cranium, 
with no sharp protuberances ; a strong, regular pulse ; 
a complexion often rather dark, but sometimes fair ; 
brown hair, and gray, hazel, or brown eyes. 

Mentally the same ' harmonious relations between 
the various faculties prevail. The vivacity, quick- 
ness, impulsiveness, and ardor of the Vital Tempera- 
ment are modified by the cooler, slower, and more 
persistent Motive or Bilious element, and refined and 
elevated by the largely-developed mental constitu- 
tion, while the intellectual force, taste, refinement, 
and delicacy of the Mental Temperament are imbued 
with warmth and vigor by the powerful Vital system, 
and made steadfast, enduring, and practical by the 
influential Motive development. Persons so consti- 
tuted have a symmetrical, many-sided character, can 
do many things equally well, and are fitted to fill, 
with honor to themselves and usefulness to society, 
almost any position in life ; and they will generally 
keep on the even tenor of their way, regardless of the 
trifling obstacles or the temporary attractions which 
turn less firmly established characters out of their 
proper course. The time may come in the great future, 
so pregnant with wonderful possibilities, when this 
harmonious development of person and character will 



86 



The Temperaments, 



be the prevailing one, and all lack of perfect balance 
in either body or mind be accounted abnormal. 

V. — Compound Temperaments. 

We have described in this chapter three Tempera- 
ments, which, as therein defined, present an exhaust- 
ive analysis of the human constitution, for, unless 
we admit the reality of the ideal condition just re- 
ferred to as the Balanced Temperament, there must in 
each individual case be a predominance of one or the 
other of the three systems of organs on which the Tem- 
peraments are founded, and it is that predominance 
which determines the constitutional tendency, which 
is tempered or modified by the other elements in pro- 
portion to the development and activity of each. 
Practically, however, it is sometimes convenient to 
consider the Temperaments as compounded, and to 
give definite names to the conditions recognized to 
exist in consequence of certain combinations. For 
instance, two of the constitutional elements may be 
strongly developed, and nearly, but not quite, equal 
in their influence, while the third is comparatively 
weak. The two strong elements then determine the 
compound, which we name by placing first the desig- 
nation of the dominant one followed by that of the 
next in power. In this way we may, with some prac- 
tical advantage, perhaps, form six Compound Tem- 
peraments, as follows : 

1. The Motive- Vital Temperament; 

2. The Motive-Mental Temperament ; 

3. The Vital-Motive Temperament ; 

4. The Vital-Mental Temperament ; 



FIG. 20.— GEORGE WASHING' 




FIG. 21. — JilNNY LIND. 



PHASES OF WELL-BALANCED TEMPERAMENT. 
PLATE XIII. 



The Anatomical View of the Temperaments. 87 



5. The Mental-Motive Temperament ; and 

6. The Mental-Vital Temperament. 

The names of these Compound Temperaments 
sufficiently indicate their character. The Motive- 
Vital and the Vital-Motive differ but little, com- 
paratively — the name placed first, as we have said, in 
either case, indicating the stronger influence ; and 
the same remark applies to the Motive-Mental and 
the Mental-Motive, and to the Vital-Mental and to 
the Mental- Vital. 

1. The Motive-Vital Temperament (Fig. 22). — For 
mere animal power, this is the combination that would 
be desired above all others. Bone and muscle fully 
developed ; strongly-hinged joints ; ligaments of iron 
and tendons of steel ; broad shoulders ; full chest ; 
abundant vitality ; firmness, toughness, steadiness, 
and activity all combined. There may be awkward- 
ness, but there must be immense capacity for hard 
work, great endurance, and the necessary persever- 
ance to carry out any movement or enterprise once 
commenced. 

This combination is not an intellectual one ; but 
while there will be little taste for literature or art, 
and no love of study, or even of reading, there may 
be much practical business talent, clear perceptions, 
and a cool, sound judgment, in ordinary every-day 
affairs. Many excellent people have this Tempera- 
ment, as well as some of the most depraved of 
criminals. Strong passions, envy, hate, revenge, and 
cruelty characterize it in its worst aspects, when un- 
restrained by the moral faculties and unrefined by 
an influential development of the mental system. 



88 



The Temperaments. 



Pugilists, sailors, soldiers, farmers, and others whose 
pursuits necessitate much muscular exercise in the 
open air, often have the Motive-Vital Temperament. 

2. The Motive-Mental Temperament (Fig. 23). — ■ 
Supposing the motive system still dominant, we now 
substitute for the Vital or nutritive element, as next 
in order of influence, the Mental constitution, the for- 
mer being subordinate to both, though not necessarily 
weak. This combination gives us intellectual power, 
combined with bodily strength, toughness, and en- 
durance. The figure is slenderer than in the Motive- 
Vital Temperament, but tough, wiry, and active. 
The features are prominent, often homely, but never 
mean or vulgar-looking, having the stamp of intel- 
ligence, if not refinement, upon them. The hair and 
complexion are generally rather dark, and the eyes 
brown or gray. The pose of the body is firm, the 
walk rapid and energetic, and the elocution clear, 
distinct, and forcible. 

Persons of this temperamental combination are 
clear-headed, vigorous thinkers, and bold, energetic, 
and persevering in action. Their strong passions are 
not always well controlled, but the restraining in- 
fluences of the aesthetic faculties and moral senti- 
ments are stronger than in the Motive- Vital organ- 
ization. Solid learning, grave and earnest feelings, 
practical talent, ambition, desire, and ability to lead 
in great undertakings, and to rise to eminence in 
the spheres of active life and scientific investigation, 
characterize their mental constitution, which is that 
of some of the greatest men that the world has ever 
produced — warriors, explorers, engineers, navigators, 






FIG. 23.- MOTIVE— MENTAL. JOHN ORTON. 



PLATE XIV. 



\ 



The Anatomical View of the Temperaments. 89 

and men of action generally, while being men of 
thought at the same time — -capable alike of planning 
and of executing great enterprises. It is a very 
common one among Americans, especially those 
whose pursuits are of an active character, and who 
have not been subjected to premature and excessive 
mental culture. 

3. The Vital-Motive Temperament (Fig. 24). — A 
large, broadly-developed body ; broad shoulders ; 
thick neck ; muscular and strong-jointed, but rounded 
limbs, combined with prominent features ; a some- 
what harsh expression, coarse hair, ruddy complexion 
(if of the Caucasian race), and strong and rapid, but 
seldom graceful movements, characterize this com- 
bination. There will be great capacity for hard 
work, a strong love for outdoor muscular exercise, 
and an invincible repugnance to confinement and 
restraint. The Vital element predominating, there 
may be considerable vivacity and impulsiveness, 
much restrained, however, by the cooler and more 
equable tendencies imparted by the Motive element. 
The talent displayed by persons of this Temperament 
will never be showy or brilliant, but of a practical 
character, and manifested in business or work, rather 
than in literary expression. Good common sense 
and ability to manage well, rather than a display of 
superficial accomplishments, mark the mental charac- 
ter. Morally, persons of this constitutional com- 
bination have generally strong passions and active 
appetites to contend against, and are liable to be led 
into dissipation, intemperance, and crime, through 
their strong animality, unless the moral sentiments 



go 



The Temperaments. 



be well developed, and the restraining influences of 
cultivated society and religious training shall hold 
the lower nature in check. Savages, and unlettered 
men in civilized society, frequently possess this tem- 
peramental condition, but it is also found in the 
higher social spheres. 

4. The Vital-Mental Temperament (Fig. 25). — In this 
combination we find a plump, well-rounded figure ; a 
full and rather large face ; handsome features, not very 
prominent, but well-defined and often regular; com- 
plexion fair and rosy ; eyes blue ; hair yellow, light 
brown, or auburn ; expression lively, ardent, and ami- 
able. It sometimes exists in men, but oftener in 
women, to whom it imparts many lovable traits — 
peculiarly desirable in the fair sex — warm affections, 
kindness, amiability, and liveliness, combined with 
personal beauty and grace. It is a pleasure-loving 
Temperament, however, and its vigorous appetites 
and active passions often require strong restraining 
agencies to keep them under proper control. Men of 
this constitution are suited to active outdoor employ- 
ments, and, if well educated, make good public speak- 
ers, though they will not be noted for solid acquire- 
ments, thorough investigation, or deep thought ; be- 
ing rather brilliant and showy than sound and origi- 
nal. In their speaking and writing they are generally 
fluent, and often florid and somewhat verbose. They 
are rapid, but graceful in their motions, and gesticulate 
much in speaking. 

5. The Mental-Motive Temperament (Fig. 26). — 
Persons of this Temperament are characterized by a 
tall and rather spare figure, somewhat inclined to an- 




FIG. 24. — VITAL-MOTIYE. DAVID DAVIS. 




FIG. 25. — VITAL-MENTAL. QUEEN EMMA. 

COMPOUND TEMPERAMENTS. 
PLATE XV. 



The Anatomical View of the Temperaments. 91 

gularity, but often dignified and striking in appear- 
ance, and firm and upright in pose. The features are 
generally rather prominent, but clearly cut and re- 
fined , the expression serious and grave ; the eyes 
gray, hazel, or brown ; the hair generally light brown ; 
the complexion often brilliant (brown on the cheeks, 
but paler on the forehead) ; the voice clear, high- 
keyed, and flexible ; and the walk firm and direct. 

With a fair development of the Vital system, this 
temperamental combination gives an assurance of in- 
tellectual power, combined with executive ability, 
fitting its possessor for the achievement of notable suc- 
cess, either in literature, the arts and sciences, or in 
the more active pursuits of life ; though there is some- 
times a lack of balance in the mental organization 
which leads to fruitless efforts and a sad waste of tal- 
ent and. energy. The reflective faculties generally 
predominate over the perceptives, giving excellent 
planning ability, discrimination, sound judgment, and 
forecaste. Those who possess it manifest great fond- 
ness for literature of the graver and more solid kind, 
a love of scientific studies and pursuits, and generally 
superior talents as thinkers, writers, and workers in 
their chosen spheres. It is the organization best 
adapted to authorship, and counts among its possess- 
ors many of the most eminent literary men of all ages 
and nations. The moral tone is generally high, the 
animal propensities being relatively weak, and in sub- 
jection to the intellect and the higher sentiments. 

6. The Mental-Vital Temperament (Fig. 27). — This 
organization combines so many desirable qualities of 
body and mind that one is inclined to envy its fortunate 



9 2 



The Temperaments. 



possessors ; but the world does not find among them 
its greatest leaders and benefactors. They are more 
exalted, amiable, and brilliant than solid, strong, firm, 
and persistent. In person, they are rather below the 
average in stature ; moderately full in form and face ; 
and with well-proportioned, tapering limbs. The 
features are not prominent, but well-defined, and 
often very regular and handsome. The expression 
is full of intelligence, sweetness, and sympathy. The 
complexion is fair, the hair brown or auburn, and the 
eyes gray or blue. An active brain, versatility of tal- 
ent, literary and artistic tastes, strong domestic and 
social feelings, exalted moral and religious sentiments, 
and great amiability, benevolence, tenderness, and 
purity of character generally characterize the mental 
manifestations of this Temperament ; but it lacks 
the force, directness, and energy of the mental-motive 
organization. It is not confined to the fair sex, but 
is more common among women than among men. 
In either sex it generally gives a clear, active, ver- 
satile mind ; much good nature ; warm affections, 
and great moral worth, together with a full share of 
vital stamina and beauty of person. Orators, poets, 
novelists, and artists, though not the greatest of 
either, have had this combination of temperamental 
conditions. 



FIG. 26. — MENTAL— MOTIVE. ELIHU BURRITT. 




TIG. 27.— MENTAL-VITAL. DUTCHESS MARIE OF SAXONY. 

COMPOUND TEMPERAMENTS. 
PLATE XVI. 



V. 



TEMPERAMENT AND CONFIGURATION. 

In our brief synoptical description of the various 
Temperaments in previous chapters, we have spoken 
in a general way of the configuration of the body and 
the features of the face peculiar to each ; but it will 
be profitable, as greatly aiding in the practical appli- 
cation of the knowledge we have endeavored to im- 
part, to enter somewhat more into detail upon several 
of the more important points involved in the delinea- 
tion of Temperaments, and among the rest the rela- 
tions existing between constitutional qualities and 
external forms. 

It may be unnecessary, but, at worst, it will do no 
harm, to again caution the reader against falling into 
the error of assuming that any general rule that we, 
or any one, can give, or any detailed description, will 
apply in every particular to all cases which may come 
under observation. The numerous combinations of 
which the primary elements of Temperament are 
susceptible, and the difficulty of determining accu- 
rately the relative influence of each in the organiza- 
tion, should make even the experienced student of 
physiology and of mental science exceedingly careful 
in his comparison of the different characteristics, and 
put him on his guard against deciding upon a Tem- 
perament by any one indication or class of indications 

(93) 



94 



The Temperaments. 



alone. The general configuration of the body may 
seem to indicate one Temperament, while the features 
or the complexion may as clearly point to another ; the 
eyes and the hair may plainly contradict each other ; 
and even, as is not infrequently the case, the hair of 
the head and the beard may symbolize opposite 
mental and temperamental traits. These are depart- 
ures from the symmetry and homogeneousness which 
should, theoretically, characterize an organism, and 
are due to inharmonious crosses and other disturbing 
causes, generally pre-natal in their action. A full 
knowledge of all the circumstances, including both 
hereditary transmission and external influences, act- 
ing after birth, not always readily attainable, would, 
no doubt, explain all seeming inconsistencies. In 
the meantime, it is not wise to lose faith in general 
laws because we can not account for all observed ap- 
parent exceptions. 

I.— Configuration in the Motive Tempera- 
ment (Figs. 28 to 31). 

As the Motive Temperament depends upon the 
predominance of the locomotive apparatus, consist- 
ing of the bones, muscles, and ligaments which form 
the framework of the body, we may naturally expect 
here the most definite, strongly expressed, and prom- 
inent contours, and such, in fact, we find. The bones 
are large, long rather than broad, and much bulged 
at the joints, forming a tall and striking rather than 
an elegant figure, characterized by angularity rather 
than roundness, and giving, with the help of the 
strong, wiry muscles, an impression of strength rather 




FIG. 30. — WM. REEVES, D.D. 



CONFIGURATION OF THE MOTIVE. 



PLATE XVII. 



Temperament and Configuration. 95 



than of grace or refined beauty. The face, from 
which, mainly, we must draw our illustrations, is, in 
the full front view, oblong, as in Fig. 30, approaching, 
in some cases, as in Fig. 29, to the rectilinear, the 
latter being an exclusively masculine type. The feat- 
ures are prominent, presenting in profile strong 
angularities and abrupt curves, as shown in the out- 
line (Fig. 28) and in the portrait. In the latter, how- 
ever, in consequence of the strength and pre- 
dominance of the mental element, which, in propor- 
tion to its influence in the constitution, modifies the 
frontal outlines by giving more expansion to the fore- 
head, there is less harshness in the contours than in the 
Motive physiognomy not thus softened. A more in- 
fluential admixture of the Vital element imparts a 
greater relative breadth to the lower part of the face, 
and a more rounded outline, in which is indicated 
immense physical power, toughness, and endurance, 
with a corresponding force of character and intel- 
lectual efficiency. 

In strict harmony with the head, face, and body, 
the hands (Fig. 31) of persons in whom the Motive 
Temperament is fully developed, are long and bony, 
with prominent joints and strong ligaments — hands 
of action and power, whose grasp is firm and as- 
suring, and whose blows are hard and unerring, care- 
less alike of hurting and of being hurt. The clasp 
of such a hand can generally be trusted in pledge of 
friendship or love. Beware of it if lifted against you 
in enmity. The feet are of similar structure. 



96 



The Temperaments. 



II. — Configuration in the Vital Tempera- 
ment (Figs. 32 to 35). 

The predominance of the nutritive system, oc- 
cupying the great cavities of the trunk, which 
furnishes the physical basis of the Vital Tempera- 
ment, tends to give breadth and thickness to the 
body as a whole, and to all its individual members. 
Its most striking characteristic, therefore, is plump- 
ness or rotundity. The figure, though its stature 
may be above the medium, does not appear tall, but 
leaves the impression of fullness and symmetry. 
Looking at the head and face from the front we get 
an outline closely approaching the circular, as in Fig. 
32. The portraits of distinguished men furnish no 
examples belonging strictly to this class, though 
many noted persons have presented contours more 
or less closely approaching the typical form ; the face 
proper having the necessary roundness, but the ele- 
vation of the forehead, consequent upon prominent 
mentality, modifying very strikingly the outlines of 
the whole facial expanse, as seen in Fig. 3 1 . Napoleon 
and Peter the Great were notable examples of this 
modification of the round form of face, their Tem- 
perament being Mental- Vital. Sometimes the lower 
nature gets the mastery, or a diseased condition of 
the lymphatic system gives a flabby fullness to the 
lower part of the face. 

A side view of the head -and face gives the charac- 
teristic curves of this temperamental condition as 
plainly as the front, the features all being more or 
less gracefully rounded, as shown in Fig. 35. 




FIG. 35. — PROFILE. 



CONFIGURATION OF THE VITAL TEMPERAMENT. 



PLATE XVIII. 



Temperament and Configuration. 97 

In the profile of Franklin, as he appeared in old 
age (Fig. 15), we have an illustration of both the 
modifications referred to in the preceding paragraph 
— the predominating intellectuality in the frontal 
region of the cranium, and an abnormal lymphatic 
condition of the physical system in the lower part 
of the face. 

The hand (Fig. 34) in this Temperament is broad 
and full rather than long. The palm is round and soft ; 
and the fingers plump and tapering ; the veins, arteries, 
and tendons invisible ; and the whole organ symmetri- 
cal, and, though rather heavy, not large in proportion 
to the other parts of the body. Its grasp is soft, warm, 
and hearty, but not always so trustworthy in time 
of trial as that of the more homely long hand. It is 
the hand of vivacity and versatility, and loves its 
ease and cherishes its softness and flexibility too 
much to be fond of rude labors or of dealing deadly 
blows. It prefers the pen to the sword, and may 
write with fervor and brilliancy, but hardly with 
great strength of style or originality of thought. 

III.— Configuration in the Mental Tempera- 
ment (Figs. 36 to 39). 

In this Temperament, the brain and nervous sys- 
tem being predominant, the bones and muscles are 
comparatively thin, and the vital organs less volumi- 
nous than in either of the other Temperaments. 
The frame is therefore slight, and the stature gen- 
erally below the medium, and calculated to exhibit 
elegance and grace rather than dignity and force. 
S 



9 8 



The Temperaments, 



The chief seat and center of this constitution being 
within the dome of the cranium, the head is rela- 
tively large, and the expansion of the superior parts 
of the face, including the forehead, give a pyriform 
or pear-shaped outline, as so strikingly shown in the 
accompanying portraits (Figs. 36 and 37). This is 
the literary, artistic, and particularly the poetic form 
of face, as illustrated in Shakespeare, Dante, Ten- 
nyson, Keats, Rubens, Flaxman, and many others. 

In profile, the pyriform face presents lines less 
angular than those of the oblong or Motive form, 
and less rounded than those of the circular or Vital 
form, but finer and more delicate than either. Such 
faces are not necessarily beautiful, in the ordinary 
conception of that term, but there is always an un- 
definable air of refinement and spirituality about 
them not observed in any other form. 

Where such outlines as we have here described 
and illustrated are observed in the faces of children 
(which should have the round or Vital configuration) 
they indicate a strong inherited predisposition to the 
Mental Temperament, likely, unless counteracted by 
the judicious cultivation of the vital and motive ele- 
ments of the constitution (the mental meanwhile 
being held in as passive a condition as possible), to 
result in an intellectual precociousness hurtful in the 
extreme to mind and body alike and often fatal to 
the latter. 

The small bones, thin muscles, and slight articula- 
tions characteristic of the Mental Temperament, are 
particularly noticeable in the hand (Fig. 39), which 
is slender and often graceful, expressive of delicacy 



FIG. 36. — RACHEL. 




Temperament and Configuration. 99 



and refinement. It is not well adapted to heavy 
labor, and shrinks, as a matter of taste, from contact 
with the sword-hilt, though a high moral sentiment 
of patriotism or of religion may overcome the peace- 
ful instinct and give it the subtle, but strong, stimulus 
of brain-power to make its blows like strokes of 
lightning. It is naturally artistic, poetic, and exclu- 
sive, having a friendly grasp for a few and a tender, 
loving clasp for one. 




SIR JOHN LUBBOCK. — MEN TAL-MOTIVE. 



VI. 



TEMPERAMENT AND COLOR. 

The different shades of the complexion and the 
color of the eyes, hair, and beard, furnish important 
indications of temperamental conditions, and may, 
with advantage to the reader, be here more fully elu- 
cidated ; though the subject is one which has been too 
little investigated to afford an extensive array of facts 
or to warrant many positive deductions. To go into 
any elaborate discussion of the philosophy of color, 
moreover, were that not otherwise inexpedient, 
would lead us too far away from the practical ends 
we have in view and needlessly complicate our sub- 
ject. We shall, therefore, confine our preliminary 
enunciation to the single generally accepted physio- 
logical and physiognomical principle, that dark colors, 
whether found in the skin, the eyes, or the hair, in- 
dicate power, and light colors delicacy, the general 
law being subject to the modifications of race, cli- 
mate, and other circumstances. Our remarks in this 
chapter will refer to the Caucasian race, leaving the 
ethnological peculiarities of Temperament to be dis- 
cussed in another chapter. 

I. — The Melanic Element in Temperament 
(Figs. 40 to 42). 

It is the bilious element in the constitution that 
imparts the dark hues, while the sanguine gives us 

(100) 



Temperament and Color. ioi 

the red and blue, and the nervous the white. Where 
the liver and its closely associated organs predomi- 
nate in influence, we find dark complexions, or at least 
dark hair and eyes ; the ascendency of the arterial 
system and the lungs manifests itself in a florid skin 
and blue eyes ; and dominant mentality is generally 
associated with gray eyes and a complexion interme- 
diate between the two others, the colors exhibited 
being due to the combination, in varying proportions, 
of the dark and the light elements. 

The dark bilious or melanic element, though in the 
light-skinned branches of the Caucasian race more 
generally associated with the Motive Temperament, is 
by no means confined to it, being found in numerous 
instances in connection with a large and influential 
development of the vital system, as in Webster 
and Napoleon. In both these celebrated men there 
was a marked predominance of the nutritive over 
the osseous and muscular systems, and yet both 
had dark eyes and hair and a dark complexion — in 
the former, swarthy; in the latter, olive or tawny. 
The domination of the brain in both these cases does 
not affect the principle, since the coloring matters 
come alone from the organs concerned in the func- 
tions of mere animal life, the nervous system (includ- 
ing the brain), as we have said, expressing itself in 
palor or whiteness. 

Turning our attention to the Celtic or darker 
branch of the Caucasian race, we find the melanic 
element very generally associated with both the Mo- 
tive and Vital Temperaments, and giving, in combina- 
tion, a darker hue to the Mental. Especially is this ^ 



102 The Temperaments. 



the case with the Spanish peoples in Europe and 
America, who are almost universally dark-complex- 
ioned, with black hair and eyes. 

On the other hand, no close observer of personal 
peculiarities, whether engaged in the study of the 
Temperaments or not, can have failed to note cases 
in which the strong, bony, angular frame, prominent 
features, and firm, decided movements, characteristic 
of the Motive Temperament, are conjoined with a 
florid complexion, light hair (especially red or auburn), 
and blue eyes. It is the sanguine element of the 
Vital Temperament manifesting itself in a single 
characteristic or group of characteristics, while in en- 
tire subordination elsewhere ; and the same remark 
will apply to those not infrequent instances in which 
the beard is light, while the hair is dark ; or where 
blue eyes are seen in a brunette ; or red or yellow 
hair accompanies black or brown eyes. These are all 
cases in which the action of a general law is modified 
by the intervention of some special cause, such as the 
crossing of different families or races, pre-natal im- 
pressions, etc. 

In regard to red hair, observation has convinced us 
that it is closely related, both physiologically and as 
a sign of Temperament and character, to black hair. 
In the crosses of the Negro with the Caucasian, black 
hair is the most persistent sign of the dark blood, 
holding its place after all trace of the African taint 
has disappeared from the complexion, and never 
furnishing examples of even the darkest brown, much 
less of yellow, but even in mulattoes (half-bloods) 
red hair or w r ool not very infrequently appears. Of 



Temperament and Color. 103 



this we have observed several instances in Charles- 
ton, S. C, and elsewhere. 

Returning now to the consideration of the melanic 
element in Temperament, we observe that in the 
white races it indicates the bilious constitution, and 
manifests itself in dark (often black) hair and eyes, 
and a brown, tawny, or swarthy complexion, and that 
the Motive Temperament has, very generally among 
us, this feature, as it has others, in common with the 
Bilious. 

In the melanic or dark variety of the Motive Tem- 
perament (which we denominate the Bilious-Motive) 
the features are harsher and more sharply outlined 
than in the light or xanthous type, so that, in general, 
the complexion and color of the hair and eyes can be 
pretty accurately determined by an examination of a 
correct uncolored portrait, especially in profile. 

Fig. 40 is a striking, but by no means an attractive 
portrait, which may be referred to in illustration 
of the statement just made. We never saw the 
original. All that we know of him, beyond what the 
picture tells us, is that he was a ruthless desperado, 
and the leader of a band of robbers, who was finally 
captured and suffered " the extreme penalty of the 
law." We are told nothing of his Temperament, or 
of the color of his hair and eyes, or the tint of his 
complexion. There was little need to tell us any- 
thing on these points. None but black or dark brown 
eyes could, without a palpable incongruity, have 
looked out beneath those shaggy eyebrows, and no 
other color than black would have suited that coarse, 
bushy hair and beard, and those strong, not ill- 



104 The Temperaments. 



formed, yet unlovely features, could have fitly worn 
no hue but a swarthy one. The profile of the Bedouin 
(Fig. 41) indicates the same constitutional condition 
and similar melanic hues ; and a list of the world's 
great warriors, and vanquishers of obstacles generally, 
in all the spheres of active life — the exponents of 
power, of mind and body — from Caesar to Napoleon, 
would embrace few names of men who have not 
been tempered by a large admixture of this element, 
dominated over invariably by a well -developed 
brain. 

The dark-haired, swarthy, bilious man may be a 
beneficent power commissioned for the elevation and 
liberation of his fellow-men, but often he wields his 
tremendous physical and mental forces rather to 
satisfy his own selfish ends and minister to his ambi- 
tion and love of power. He is never a nonentity, or 
a passive instrument in the hands of others. He al- 
ways asserts his individuality, and claims leadership 
wherever hardships and dangers are to be encoun- 
tered, and power or glory to be won. 

The harsher physiognomical traits of the dark bil- 
ious, or melano-motive, type are often greatly softened 
in woman, and when modified by predominating in- 
tellectuality (constituting the Mental-Motive Tem- 
perament) it furnishes numerous examples of the 
highest order of female beauty, the mental element 
giving delicacy and refinement to the sharp, clear 
lines proper to the Motive Temperament, as seen in 
Fig. 36. The following brief, but graphic description 
of the great queen of tragedy as she appeared on 
the stage in her best days, will help the reader to a 




PLATE XX. 



! 



Temperament and Color. 



105 



clearer idea of the melanic element in woman when 
associated with the Mental Temperament, the motive 
constitution being next in the order of potency : 

" Pale, with jet-black hair ; a small, regular nose ; a 
mouth mobile enough, but rather sweet in its expres- 
sion and tender in its lines for the heroine of tragedy; 
and a large forehead quite protruding itself over the 
straight, black brows that shadow her wondrous eyes, 
she is the very embodiment of feminine intellect. 
Her figure is slight, and her mental entirely domi- 
nates her vital system ; but her limbs, with all their 
delicacy, have a firm look, and she is rather lithe than 
fragile. The fall of her drapery would make any 
sculptor despair, did he not see that itself is but the 
reproduction in tissue of lines into which the Grecian 
sculptors wrought their marble/' 

The dark element in human Temperament seems 
for a long time to have been on the increase. At the 
time of the Roman invasion of those countries, the 
inhabitants of Great Britain and France, as well as 
of Germany — Celts and Saxons alike — were blue- 
eyed and had red, yellow, or flaxen hair. No one 
seems to have taken note of the change while it was 
going on, but now the true Celt, whether French, 
Irish, or Highland Scotch, is very generally dark- 
haired, and the same change is evidently taking place 
in the Gothic races, and particularly in the Anglo- 
Saxon branch. Close observers are beginning to note 
this in Europe. Here, in America, the change is still 
more obvious and rapid. As a nation, we Americans 
of the United States are gradually becoming melanic. 
Cities seem to favor this temperamental condition, 

5* 



io6 



The Temperaments. 



the proportion of dark-haired people being much 
greater there than in the country. 

In some cases the indications of the blonde type 
linger in the beard for a generation or two after they 
have disappeared from the hair of the head ; so that 
many of the men of the present day have dark hair 
and yellow or sandy beards. 

The color of the eyes and the tint of the complexion 
do not always follow the rule of the hair, but dark eyes 
and brown or swarthy cheeks are evidently increasing. 

We might speculate here on the causes of the tem- 
peramental changes going on in the Caucasian races, 
and the probable results, but we prefer to leave such 
speculations to others, or for a more appropriate 
occasion, simply hinting that there is a constant tend- 
ency observable in living things — plants, animals, and 
men, alike — to adapt themselves, so far as the distinc- 
tions of race and species will permit, to all changes 
of external conditions, such as climate, food, and 
modes of life, and that these are by no means exactly 
the same now that they were in the time of Julius 
Caesar, even in the countries overrun by the Romans, 
much less in this New World, which the ancient con- 
querors of the Old knew not. 

II. — The Blonde Element in Temperament 
(Fig. 43). 

Fair hair, blue eyes, and a light or florid complexion 
are associated with the sanguine element of the con- 
stitution, and generally, among us, indicate the Vital 
Temperament, or at least a very influential develop- 
ment of the nutritive system, and especially of the 




FIG. 42. — THE BRUNETTE. 




FIG. 43. — THE BLONDE. 

TEMPERAMENT AND COLOR. 

PLATE XXI. 



Temperament and Color. \oy 



organs of respiration and arterial circulation. In 
a majority of cases, they are found associated with 
full, finely-developed figures ; faces inclining to round- 
ness ; full lips ; wide nostrils ; and a cheerful expres- 
sion of countenance. 

There are, however, as we have noted in the pre- 
ceding section, cases in which these sanguine character- 
istics are found in connection with the more angular 
outlines of body and prominent features, indicative 
of the Motive Temperament. Many distinguished 
historical personages, and among them Gustavus 
Adolphus of Sweden, and the great epic poet of Italy, 
Tasso, were of this Sanguine-Motive type. The latter 
has the features of the Bilious-Motive class in perfec- 
tion, but there was in his character much of the delicacy 
of the blonde, combined with the strength, persistence, 
and energy of the dark type. The predominance of 
the mental element of course greatly modified the 
action of both the others. 

The Sanguine-Motive type is the common one 
among the Scandinavian peoples, and also among the 
Highland Scotch of the higher classes, who are doubt- 
less of Norse origin. 

In estimating the influence of Temperament on 
character, as well as in observing it as a sign of char- 
acter, we must bear in mind the fact that the dark 
complexion is imparted by the bilious element, and 
the florid by the sanguine, while the mental or nerv- 
ous (the brain imparting no color — or more accurately, 
combining all colors) gives whiteness. 



io8 The Temperaments. 



III. — Combinations of Color and Tempera- 
ment. 

A brilliant skin with a peachy bloom on the cheeks, 
sometimes showing a slightly sallow tinge, indicates 
a Mental-Motive Temperament of the bilious or dark 
type. The eyes in such cases may be either brown 
or gray. The hair is generally dark (often black) 
and fine, and the features clearly cut, but refined and 
delicate. The Motive-Mental Temperament presents 
similar forms and coloring, except that the hues are 
a little darker and the outlines harsher and more 
prominent. 

The Mental-Vital Temperament presents the true 
pink and white skin, the red of the sanguine element 
taking the place of the black and yellow of the bil- 
ious constitution. The eyes are blue or light gray 
and the hair light and fine. Dante's Beatrice, if the 
existing portraits of her are correct, illustrated this 
combination. A larger infusion of the sanguine- 
vital element gives more red in the complexion and 
a deeper blue to the eyes. The hair is often red or 
auburn, and there is an expression of warmth and 
liveliness about the countenance which betokens 
rapidity of action and quickness of temper. 

In the Vital -Motive Temperament we have the 
red of the sanguine element combined with a smaller 
proportion of the black or yellow of the bilious se- 
cretions, giving often a rich brown complexion, with 
brown or hazel eyes and brown hair. Where the 
Motive apparatus predominates, so as to give us the 
Motive-Sanguine Temperamental combination, there 



Temperament and Color. log 



appears less red in the complexion, and the hair and 
eyes are generally darker, except in the xanthous or 
red-haired type. 

A pale, dull, leaden hue in the complexion, dull, 
expressionless eyes, and faded-looking hair indicate 
that abnormal or sickly condition described by the 
pathologists as the Lymphatic Temperament. 

Of the three organs to which we look for the indi- 
cations of Temperamental conditions to be found in 
color, the skin furnishes the most trustworthy index, 
though even that is liable to mislead, where the 
health is not good. Actual disease must, of course, 
always be taken into account, where it exists. Color 
in the hair and eyes, more frequently than in the skin, 
varies from the hue which the other constitutional 
signs would seem to call for. As a general rule, how- 
ever, there will be found little incongruity which can 
not be readily explained. 

In our chapter on "Temperament in Races and 
Nations," it will be seen how the general principles 
enunciated and illustrated in the foregoing pages ap- 
ply to the red, brown, yellow, and black races. 



VII. 



CHANGES OF TEMPERAMENT (Figs. 44 to 47)- 

THE function of nutrition being the most impor- 
tant of the physical operations during the first years 
of life, young children generally (as they should in 
all cases) have the Vital Temperament ; but there is 
inherent in each, inherited from its parents, a tend- 
ency to the development of a permanent tempera- 
mental condition, which may also be Vital, or it may 
be Motive or Mental. When once established, this 
Temperament inclines naturally to perpetuate and 
increase itself, since it gives rise to habits that exer- 
cise the organs on which it depends. A change of 
Temperament, then, implies strong counteracting 
influences brought to bear upon the constitution ; 
and as such strong influences are, in a majority of 
cases, lacking, the inherited tendency is generally fol- 
lowed, and a Temperament once established is main- 
tained through life. This, however, is far from being 
universally the case. The inherent predisposition is 
sometimes entirely overcome and the constitution 
radically changed. The means by which this change 
may be effected are both physical and mental, and 
have already, in treating of the causes of the Tem- 
peraments, been briefly stated. All that will be 
necessary here will be to speak of some of them a 
little more in detail, and with more direct reference 
to certain specified cases, 
(no) 




FIG. 44. — INFANCY- FIG. 45 — CHILDHOOD. 




FIG. 46.— GRACE GREENWOOD. FIG. 47.— GRACE GREENWOOD. 



CHANGES OF TEMPERAMENT. 



PLATE XXH. 



Changes of Temperament. 



in 



I. — Changes through Natural Growth. 

In childhood there should be a relatively stronger 
development of the vital system than is exhibited 
in Fig. 45, which represents, perhaps too correctly, 
however, the average " smart " American boy of the 
period. Good, wholesome, nutritious food, pleasant 
surroundings, judicious training, and plenty of outdoor 
sports should keep the face round and full (as in Fig. 
44), and the cheeks ruddy till childhood begins to 
merge in youth. Then suddenly there comes a change ! 
The bones seem to expand preternaturally, the joints 
enlarge, the limbs outgrow their clothing, and even 
disturb the balance between themselves and the trunk. 
The graceful boy becomes an awkward youth. The 
Motive or bony and muscular element of the con- 
stitution now assumes predominance. If the Motive 
Temperament be the inherited one, it is at this period 
expressed in exaggerated forms, the youth being very 
tall, raw-boned, and angular; but in all cases of 
natural, healthy growth there is more or less of this 
sudden and powerful Motive influence. 

When the period of rapid growth is over, unless 
some other powerful influence has been brought to 
bear to counteract it, the inherited tendency assumes 
its sway, and the Temperament becomes compara- 
tively a fixed and permanent condition. 

At the age of from forty to forty-five there mani- 
fests itself in some constitutions, showing previously 
decided Mental or Motive tendencies, a strong influx 
of the nutritive element, changing the sharp or angu- 
lar outlines into the more rounded contours of the 
Vital Temperament. Something of this kind is illus- 



112 



The Temperaments. 



trated by Figs. 46 and 47. This change takes place 
in both sexes, but oftener in women than in men. 

Finally, in the old age of persons who have pre- 
viously shown an influential development of the 
sanguine element of the Vital Temperament, there 
frequently occurs, as in the case of Dr. Franklin (Fig. 
15), an access of the Lymphatic constitution, giving a 
flabby appearance to the lower parts of the face, and 
an unnatural softness and shapelessness to the feat- 
ures. This we do not consider a natural healthy 
condition, whether coming on in old age or earlier in 
life, though in the former case there may be simply a 
failure in the circulatory system to fully perform its 
functions. 

II. — Changes from External Influences. 

Altitude, heat and cold, moisture and dryness, all 
have an influence in forming, sustaining, or changing 
the Temperament and configuration of individuals, 
families, and races. " The inhabitants of the regions 
of gusty winds," Wilkinson says, " have weather- 
beaten faces, and lines as of the tempests blown 
howling into their skins. Mountain races have stony 
or granitic features, as of rocks abandoned to the 
barren air. The people of moist and marshy places 
look watery and lymphatic. Those where extremes 
of temperature prevail for long periods are leathern 
and shriveled, as though their skins had given up the 
contest and died upon their faces." 

Persons removing from a cold to a warm country 
are subject to an access^of the bilious element, often 
so great as to entirely overcome a previously san- 




Changes of Temperament. 



"3 



guine predominance. On the other hand, removal 
from a warm to a colder climate stimulates the res- 
piratory and arterial systems, and promotes a change 
in the opposite direction. These changes, perpetuated 
and increased from generation to generation, finally 
produce distinct Northern and Southern types. It is 
in temperate climates that we find the highest order 
of physical development and the closest approach to 
a balance of temperamental elements.* 

A moist atmosphere, when not excessively humid 
and not malarious, promotes the Vital Temperament, 
the influence of the Motive element being lessened 
and the Mental becoming less active, from the lack 
of stimulus. Low, marshy regions, like Holland, in- 
duce, through moisture and malaria, that abnormal 
temperamental condition known as the lymphatic 
constitution. Persons removing from a region hav- 
ing a moist atmosphere, to one where dry winds pre- 



* According to our own observations, which have extended 
from New Hampshire and Vermont on the north to Florida on 
the south, the finest race of men, in physique, in this country are 
to be found between the parallels of 34 and 40 north latitude, 
and particularly in the States of Maryland, Virginia, and Ken- 
tucky. They are large, symmetrically formed, erect and graceful 
in carriage, and have generally fine, open, and pleasant counte- 
nances. A newspaper correspondent, writing from the interior 
of Kentucky, says : " I have been struck with the profusion of 
really great-looking men at the State Fair. You may single out 
any group of twenty, and in it you will be sure to find two or 
three who, in stature, physical development, or expression of 
countenance, bear testimony to the manliness and royalty of 
their nature. // s£ems as if Kentucky VJere educating a race of 
kings, from which to supply the world" 



114 The Temperaments. 



vail, often experience a marked change in their con 
stitutions, the plumpness and ruddiness imparted 
by the rich vital currents which flow through the 
deeply-seated blood-vessels of the Englishman or 
the German, giving place, in many cases, on immi- 
gration to America, to denser, harder, and less round- 
ed muscles, and a darker and less transparent com- 
plexion — in other words, a decrease of the sanguine 
and nutritive and a corresponding increase of the 
bilious and locomotive elements of the physical or- 
ganization. If, as is often the case, the tendency in 
the individual to predominant vitality is too strong 
to be overcome by the external influences brought 
to bear upon him here, they are pretty sure to show 
their full power in his progeny, who will generally 
approach the American type. In Americans, resid- 
ing for a long time in England, or in any other coun- 
try with a humid atmosphere, the opposite change 
may take place, the vital system becoming relatively 
more influential. 

Elevated situations promote the development of 
bone and muscle, and therefore tend to the increase 
of the motive constitution, and this change will be 
greatest and most rapid where residence in mount- 
ainous regions is conjoined with all the bodily ex- 
ercise and the hardships incident to mountain life, 
in its normal form. If the exercise and the hard- 
ships are not excessive, they promote a rough type 
of manly beauty, but are unfavorable to the develop- 
ment of feminine attractiveness, and the women of 
mountainous countries, such as the Highlands of 
Scotland, are generally noted for their homeliness. 



Changes of Temperament. 115 

On the other hand, in some of the eastern countries 
of England, where the Vital Temperament is almost 
universal, and often excessively developed, the ad- 
vantage in beauty is all on the side of the women, 
the rotund bodies and short, tapering limbs so gener* 
ally prevailing, being unsuited to the male. 

III. — Changes from Bodily Habits. 

Changes of occupation, general personal habits, 
or even of diet, often lead to important modifications 
of Temperament. Sedentary pursuits, even when 
not calling into special action the intellectual powers, 
tend to promote habits of reflection favorable to the 
development of the Mental Temperament. A change 
to more active outdoor employments gives the vital 
organs and the muscular system more relative 
strength and influence, and favors the predominance 
of one or the other. Let the shoemaker, with his 
slender muscles, narrow chest, and Mental Tempera- 
ment, quit the bench and become a sailor, a lumber- 
man, or a pioneer farmer in the West, and if he do 
not break down under the change, his chest will ex- 
pand, his muscles thicken and become tough, and his 
digestion and all the functions of nutrition increase 
in activity and efficiency, while the brain, called less 
into action, will become comparatively quiescent, 
and the Mental Temperament will give place to the 
Motive, or the Mental-Motive. So the sailor, the 
lumberman, or the farmer turning shoemaker is likely 
to experience an equally notable change in the op- 
posite direction. 

A rich diet composed in large part of farinaceous 



Ii6 The Temperaments. 



foods, sugar, and flesh meats fosters Alimentiveness 
and promotes the Vital Temperament, while a lighter 
diet of vegetables, fruits, eggs, and fish is favorable 
to the Mental Temperament. The Motive Tempera- 
ment is promoted by lean meats, especially the flesh 
of quadrupeds, wheat-meal, corn-meal, beans, cab- 
bages, and parsnips. It will, therefore, be apparent 
that changes in diet affect in a greater or less degree 
the balance of the constitution. 

IV. — Changes Produced by Mental Agencies. 

Geo. Combe in one of his valuable works points 
out the important changes produced in Tempera- 
ment by a continued course of training. " It is com- 
mon," he says, " for the Bilious to be changed into 
the Nervous Temperament by habits of mental 
activity and close study ; and, on the other hand, we 
often see the Nervous or Bilious changed into the 
Lymphatic about the age of forty, when the nutritive 
system seems to acquire the preponderance/' Spurz- 
heim was accustomed to say that he had originally 
a large portion of the Lymphatic element, as had all 
his family ; but that in himself the Lymphatic had 
gradually diminished, and the Nervous increased; 
whereas, in his sisters, owing to mental inactivity, 
the reverse had happened, and when he visited them, 
after being absent many years, found them, to use 
his own expression, " as large as tuns." 

Of the wonderful influence of the mind over the 
body, in changing its forms and conditions, there can 
be no doubt. Illustrations of the effects of mental 
action upon the physical system abound and offer 



Changes of Temperament. ii" 



themselves to every observer. As to Temperament, 
De La Sarthe, in his Traitd Complet de Physiognomie, 
goes so far as to assert that it is practicable, by 
means of an appropriate hygienic education, to de- 
velop in a child any desired constitutional condition, 
and that even in mature life such changes as the 
health and happiness of the subject may demand are 
effected with comparative ease ; and he finds it a 
matter for wonder that while it is our privilege to 
shape at will the plastic system of the child, and in 
a degree of the adult also, and thus promote in the 
most important particulars the health, well-being, 
and happiness of our offspring, our friends and the 
world in general, that we are content to occupy our- 
selves, rather, in improving the breeds of our do- 
mestic animals, or in producing new and better varie- 
ties of fruits and vegetables. As an example of a 
change of Temperament in mature life through 
mental causes, he cites the case of Jean Jacques 
Rousseau, as follows : 

" He possessed originally the Sanguine Tempera- 
ment, and a character expansive, self-confident, and 
happy, which he retained in full activity up to the age 
of twenty-five. At that time he was thrown into a 
struggle, hostile, open, and incessant, with most of the 
learned societies ; was made the object of reiterated 
attacks from antagonistic writers — enemies, some of 
them real enough, but a great number imaginary — 
and subjected to never-ceasing painful excitements, 
the causes of which he greatly exaggerated. Under 
these influences he changed by degrees, both in char- 
acter and Temperament, becoming bilious, nervous, 



1 1 8 The Temperaments. 



melancholic, gloomy, restless, suspicious, misanthropic, 
and the most unhappy of men." 

Phrenologists have shown clearly enough that men- 
tal culture has power to change the form of the cra- 
nium, expanding the forehead and diminishing the 
lateral dimensions of the base of the brain, the organs 
of which are rendered less active, and held under more 
restraint in proportion as the intellect is developed ; 
and it needs no proof, that whatever has power to 
modify the bony encasement of the brain, may modify, 
in at least as high a degree, the temperamental con- 
dition of the body, and consequently its configuration. 
The same educational influences which change the 
frontal lines of the head, render th^se of the body 
more delicate, and give th f ace more refinement, mo- 
bility, and expression — in short, promote the Mental 
Temperament, while diminishing the relative develop- 
ment and influence of the Motive and Vital systems. 
An opposite class of influences will reverse all this, 
and reduce the Mental, while calling out more fully 
the Motive and Vital forces. 

" Let a well-educated person of an intellectual or- 
ganization, and, to make the example as striking as 
possible, of mature age, be deprived of his books and 
intellectual companionship, thrown into the society of 
coarse, uneducated people ; subjected to rude labor 
or exercise, to the almost entire exclusion of consecu- 
tive thinking ; and made to adopt the gross diet which 
usually accompanies the other conditions we have 
named, and mark the result. Another set of faculties 
are now brought into action. The base of the brain 
expands ; the lower features grow broader, the neck 



FIG. 48.— JAMES E. MURDOCK. 




Changes of Temperament. 



119 



thicker, the eyes duller, the mouth coarser, and the 
face, as a whole, rounder and less expressive. The 
whole frame shares in the degeneracy. The muscles 
become thicker, the joints larger, the limbs less grace- 
ful, and the body stouter and grosser." In short, the 
Mental predominance may be lost as well as gained, 
and the Motive or the Vital substituted. 

These indisputable facts should be borne in mind 
by all, and especially by parents and teachers, as hav- 
ing a most important* bearing upon education, both 
mental and physical. 




JOHN GUTENBERG, INVENTOR OF PRINTING. 



BRAIN IN THE MOTIVE TEMPERAMENT. 



VIII. 



TEMPERAMENT AND MENTALITY. 

As we have said before, the primary cause of Tem- 
perament lies in the mental constitution, the body 
being but the external expression — the outward sym- 
bol and instrument of the mind, which fashions its 
temporary dwelling-place, and changes it at will, to 
suit its own changing character and needs. A Tem- 
perament, then, does not create or cause any particu- 
lar mental characteristic or group of characteristics, 
but is conjoined with such characteristics because 
suited to their special manifestations ; and being as- 
sociated with them, has a tendency, by a natural 
reaction, to increase and perpetuate them. So Tem- 
perament becomes a sign of character, and to some 
extent a secondary cause of character, through the 
facilities it affords for the proper action of the facul- 
ties with which it is specially associated. 

The student of character is, therefore, justified in 
making Temperament one of the first subjects of 
investigation, in collecting the materials for a correct 
estimate of the mental and moral status of an indi- 
vidual, and he will naturally look at it in connection 
with the indications afforded by the developments 
of the different organs of the brain, as indicated in 
the form of the skull. It will assist him, perhaps, if, 
in addition to the mental characteristics of each Tem- 

(120) 




FIG. 51. — MADAM H. P. BLAVATSKY. 

BRAIN IN THE VITAL TEMPERAMENT. 



PLATE XXIV. 



Temperament and Mentality. 121 



perament as given, in general terms, in a previous 
chapter, we now specify more particularly what cere- 
bral developments accompany and give tone to each. 

I. — The Brain in the Motive Temperament 
(Figs. 48 and 49). 

Large Perceptive faculties, impelling to observation 
and fitting for the practical affairs of active life ; Self- 
esteem, inspiring to self-reliance, aspiration, pride, 
and love of power ; Firmness, giving tenacity of will, 
steadfastness, and persistent effort in any line of ac- 
tion determined upon ; Combativeness and Destruc- 
tiveness, imparting the will and ability to overcome 
obstacles, to resist aggression, to contend for the 
right, with the executive ability and the indifference 
to ease which permits the infliction or the endurance 
of the pain necessary in removing or crushing what- 
ever may be inimical — these are some of the principal 
mental developments which accompany and charac- 
terize the Motive Temperament ; and it is this 
physical constitution alone which would subserve 
the purposes of such a combination of mental facul- 
ties, and which, therefore, constitute at once its cause 
and its reason for being, while it, in turn, reacts upon 
the mental organization to perpetuate its peculiari. 
ties and to increase the strength and efficiency of its 
special powers. 

Alimentiveness and Amativeness are relatively 
smaller than in the Vital Temperament, so that there 
is less liability to excesses in the direction in which 
they lead. Conscientiousness generally predominates 
over Benevolence, and Spirituality over Ideality and 
6 



122 The Te7?iperaments. 



Veneration. Hope, Mirthfulness, and Imitation are 
seldom either large or active. 

II. — The Brain in the Vital Temperament 

(Figs. 50 and 51). 

The mental basis and origin of the Vital Tempera- 
ment lies in the base of the brain, and particularly in 
Alimentiveness, Acquisitiveness, and Amativeness, 
which are generally large, as are Benevolence, Hope, 
Mirthfulness, Language, and the Perceptive organs 
generally ; but there is seldom any excessive develop- 
ment in any particular direction, the cranium inclin- 
ing rather to roundness and evenness than to the 
exhibition of hollows and protuberances. 

The neck being short as well as large, there is a 
closer communication than in the other Tempera- 
ments between the body and the brain, and a larger 
flow of the vital currents from the former to the lat- 
ter, giving rapidity and force to the action of all the 
organs, but especially to those lying nearest to the 
source of power, in the base of the brain. It is for 
this reason that the animal propensities, though not 
relatively large perhaps, are generally so influential 
in persons of this constitution, and so liable, unless 
restrained, to hurry them into dangerous excesses. 

III. — The Brain in the Mental Temperament 

(Figs. 116 and 121.) 
The Brain and its nervous appendages constituting 
the basis of the Mental Temperament, the cerebral 
mass, as a whole, is relatively larger in persons of 
this constitution than in those of either of the other 



Temperament and Mentality. 123 



Temperaments, but this preponderance is mainly in 
the frontal and coronal regions — the intellectual fac- 
ulties and the moral sentiments. Causality, Com- 
parison, Ideality, Spirituality, and Veneration are 
generally prominent, while Combativeness, Destruc- 
tiveness, Alimentiveness, Acquisitiveness, and Ama- 
tiveness are not so fully developed. The real power 
of the intellectual faculties is not susceptible of being 
fully measured by their size as their activity and 
strength, depending in part upon a high nervous 
stimulus, is greater in proportion to their size in this 
Temperament than in the others. The quickness 
and clearness of the conceptions, the intensity of the 
emotions, and the delicacy and refinement of the 
taste are due as much to the texture as to the size 
of the organs through which these mental qualities 
are manifested. 

In the Mental Temperament, the brain has a 
greater influence over the bodily conditions, as of 
health and disease, strength and weakness, than in 
the Motive or Vital Temperaments, and the mind is 
less dependent upon bodily states for its efficient 
action. It must, however, have vital power to draw 
upon as a reserve or its action can not be sustained. 
The nutritive system must, therefore, be sedulously 
cultivated by those who possess this constitution. 

Thus we have seen that Temperament and mental 
character are closely correlated, and that because one 
has inherited or acquired a certain cerebral organi- 
zation, he assumes, physically, that constitutional 
condition best suited to the needs of that cerebral 
organization, and through which its characteristic 



124 The Temperaments. 



activities may become in the highest degree affect- 
ive. The strong will ; the cool, steady judgment ; 
the tireless energy ; the indomitable courage ; the 
persistent purpose ; the dominating ambition ; the in- 
satiable love of power ; the never-failing self-reliance 
of a strong executive character, require and associate 
with themselves the Motive Temperament. Vivacity; 
versatility ; impulse ; ardor ; love of pleasure ; de- 
sire for change ; fondness for good living ; intellectual 
quickness and brilliancy ; instability of purpose ; and 
amiability and genial kindliness could find no ad- 
equate expression in any other than the Vital Tem- 
perament. The predominating intellectuality, taste, 
refinement, lofty aspirations, intense emotions, and 
clear, vivid conceptions of the literary, artistic, and 
imaginative organization are fitly embodied in the 
fine, sensitive, mobile Mental Temperament. In 
either case, it is the character or mental constitution 
ivhich comes first (by inheritance or by acquisition), 
and the physical condition which follows and adapts 
itself to the mind's requirements, reacting in turn 
upon the latter to promote its proper action and 
perpetuate and increase its special qualities. 



FIG. 52. — BELVA A. LOCKWOOD. 




IX. 



AGE AND SEX IN TEMPERAMENT. 

IN treating of Changes of Temperament in a pre- 
vious chapter, we have incidentally indicated some 
of the points in which the different periods of life 
affect the Temperaments ; but the subject requires 
further elucidation, and we therefore revert to it here. 

I.— The Temperament of Childhood (Fig. 54). 

During infancy, growth is the grand object which 
Nature has in view, and while she does not neglect 
to develop slowly the lobes of the brain, and to lay 
the foundation for the solid framework of bones, 
muscles, and ligaments, which is destined to sustain 
and move the body, she wisely gives her special 
attention to the nutritive system, as the one which 
should predominate in development, activity, and 
influence. The infant, therefore, has, normally, the 
Vital Temperament, the Motive and Mental systems 
being manifest only in a rudimentary condition ; and, 
the diet being milk and other soft and watery ali- 
ments, it is, at first, the lymphatic element of the 
constitution which naturally predominates, the san- 
guine gaining the ascendency after a change of diet 
and the exercise of the limbs and body have given 
the respiratory and arterial systems a greater de- 
velopment and a more powerful influence. 

(125) 



126 The Temperaments. 



We may say, then, in general terms, that the Tem- 
perament of infancy is the Vital, the lymphatic ele- 
ment being predominant at the outset, or during the 
first two or three years of life, but gradually giving 
place to the sanguine. The Mental system should 
be held in comparative abeyance during the first 
seven years of life at least, great care being taken 
that while its healthy activity is not shackled, there 
be no abnormal or forced and sickly development, 
at the expense of the physical system and the general 
health and symmetry of the organization. The loco- 
motive system, in those who have inherited a tend- 
ency to the Motive Temperament, assuming year 
by year increased influence, normally attains ascend- 
ency at puberty. 

We have been speaking of what we believe to be 
the order of Nature and the requirement of the law 
of development in the human being; but we are 
aware that the hereditary influences of our age and 
country in which there is so much feverish mental 
activity and such intensity of feeling and passion, 
with too little vital power and strength of constitu- 
tion to give endurance and insure sustained effort, 
are not calculated to insure in American children 
the desired orderly development. The Mental sys- 
tem, obeying the strong inherited tendency, aided by 
a competitive and too stimulating system of educa- 
tion, comes early into the ascendency, dwarfing the 
body, and finally starving itself, by drying up, pre- 
maturely, the vital currents which should sustain it 
in permanent and increasing efficiency till old age. 



Age and Sex in Temperament. 127 



II.— The Temperament of Middle Age. 
(Fig. 55). 

At the age of from forty to forty-five — earlier in 
some and later in others — the activity of both mind 
and body having somewhat abated, and the passions 
become more cool and moderate, where sound health 
and a good digestion favor it, there is generally a 
more or less marked accession of development and 
activity in the nutritive system, sometimes giving a 
decided predominance to the Vital system in consti- 
tutions previously Motive or Mental. 

Were sound health and correct habits universal, 
perhaps there would be no exceptions to the change 
we have here indicated, and the Temperament of 
middle age would always be either Vital or one of 
the Compound Temperaments formed by it with 
either the Motive or the Mental ; but where the 
digestion has become impaired, or where there is a 
controlling necessity for an activity of tody or mind 
no longer natural to the organization, the normal 
modification fails to take place, and the existing 
constitutional condition is rather increased than 
diminished, as seen in persons subjected to severe 
manual labor, harassed by the cares and anxieties 
of business, or overtaxed by close and continued 
intellectual effort. If, as perhaps we may say should 
be the case, where the road to competence and ease 
is open to all, the age of forty finds a man relieved 
from pecuniary anxieties and the necessity of labor 
or application to business for the support of himself 
and family, and can throw off or transfer to others 



128 The Temperaments. 



all the heavier burdens of life, and give himself 
leisure for recreation and repose, we generally ob- 
serve a filling up and rounding out of the contours of 
the body, and the assumption of a degree of portli- 
ness which is naturally associated with good health, 
good living, and an easy life. 

In women, this accession of vital development 
would be more general were they more healthy, but, 
in this country at least, their health is too often so 
broken down before the " turn of life " that the em- 
bonpoint which properly belongs to them is lost in 
a sickly emaciation. In England, where the habits 
of women, as well as the climate, are more favorable, 
they may look forward to the time when they shall be 
" Fat, fair, and forty," and be thankful if they escape 
being obese, red-faced, and coarse, as is the tendency 
of their Temperament. 

III. — The Temperament of Old Age (Fig. 56). 

With the more or less imperfect nutrition of old 
age, there supervenes a shrinkage of bone, muscle, 
and especially of cellular tissue, giving the wrinkles 
which indicate and symbolize the decline of life. The 
shrinkage being greatest in the softer parts, which had 
previously given fullness to the form and roundness 
to the cheek, the indications of the Motive Tempera, 
ment are increased, though the increase of the loco, 
motive apparatus is merely relative, and owing to the 
decreased volume and activity of the nutritive system. 
In this way, a Temperament which may have been 
Mental- Vital, may become, through the decadence 
of the vital powers, Mental-Motive, without any in- 
crease of the Motive element. 



Age and Sex in Temperament. 129 

In some constitutions, as has been said in a previous 
chapter, the Vital system, previously strong and act- 
ive, falls, on the approach of old age, into an abnormal 
condition, in which there is conjoined with a loss of 
activity in the arterial system, a clogging of the gen- 
eral circulation, and a repletion of the watery fluids 
in the cellular tissues and under the skin, giving the 
soft, flabby appearance seen in the Lymphatic Tem- 
perament. This constitutional condition is far more 
common in low, moist regions — like Holland, for in- 
stance — than in our drier climate, and is by no means 
infrequent in England, where the Vital Temperament 
is more common, and more subject to deterioration 
in the way indicated, than with us. 

IV.— The Temperaments in Women. 
There is no particular Temperament which belongs 
exclusively to woman, and no one from which she is 
excluded by reason of sex ; but at the same time, 
there are certain constitutional conditions which 
seem peculiarly adapted to her requirements, and 
certain others which are clearly inconsistent with her 
highest adaptation to the distinctive offices of the 
sex. 

In woman the trunk is longer in proportion to the 
whole stature and to the arms and legs, than in man, 
giving relatively more room for the development of 
the vital system, so essential to her, not merely foi 
her own well-being, but for the proper performance 
of her offices as a mother. We may say, therefore, 
that the natural temperamental condition of woman 
is one in which the vital or nutritive element is 
6* 



130 The Temperaments. 



strongly influential, if not predominant — say the 
Vital, Vital-Mental or Mental- Vital Temperament. 

The Motive Temperament, in its typical form, is 
not well suited to woman, as it involves too much 
hardness, angularity, and harshness ; but when modi- 
fied by a nearly equal proportion of the Vital ele- 
ment, to fill out the depressions and- round the 
contours, and a good Mental development, to soften 
the expression and refine the prominent, but clear- 
cut features, there is often a high order of beauty 
developed, conjoined with great strength of character 
and high intellectual endowments. 

The purely Mental Temperament, so common 
among the women of our age, and especially of our 
country, gives us beautiful girls, charming in their 
grace, refinement, and intelligence, but too frail, in 
many cases, for the practical uses of life, and doomed 
to premature invalidism and early death. If one 
could choose his own mother, he would not, if well 
instructed in physiology, select one of these too in- 
tellectual women, however lovely. With the vital 
element nearly equal to the mental, or at least 
strongly influential, there is a foundation for a char- 
acter at once womanly, refined, intelligent, amiable, 
and warm-hearted. 

That morbid condition described in the old classi- 
fication as the Nervous Temperament, is, unfortu- 
nately, very common among women of low vitality, 
especially when they are addicted to strong tea and 
coffee, late hours, and the* fashionable dissipations of 
the day. 




FIG. 56. — OLD AGE. A. B. ALCOTT. 

AGE AND TEMPERAMENT. 
PLATE XXVI. 



X. 



TEMPERAMENT IN THE DOMESTIC RELATIONS. 

IN the relations of human beings to each other in 
society, there prevail certain laws of harmony analo- 
gous to those which govern the combination of the 
various notes in music. We strike certain keys sim- 
ultaneously and there is produced a pleasing accord- 
ance of sweet sounds. Those keys represent notes 
bearing a harmonic relation to each other — they form 
chords. Other notes, each equally sweet in itself, 
sounded together, strike the ear dissonantly. In a 
like manner, we may bring together two or more per- 
sons, standing in certain natural constitutional re- 
lations to each other, and there will at once ensue 
mutual likings, sympathy, and friendship, or love, 
while the same persons, or others not less amiable 
and lovable, transposed into other combinations, 
may simply make each other miserable ; and the 
closer the connection, the more cruelly will they tor- 
ture each other. 

With these harmonies and discords in human rela- 
tions, and especially those of the family, Tempera- 
ment has much to do, and those sustaining or 
purposing to assume such relations should study well 
the laws of mental and temperamental consonance, 
so that life-music and not an infernal jarring of dis- 
sonant individualities may be the result of the union. 
We do not dream of becoming successful performers 

(131) 



132 



The Temperaments. 



on the piano or the organ, without a fair knowledge 
of the science of music ; much less should we presume 
to deal with the profounder harmonies of humanity, 
in ignorance of the laws in accordance with which 
men and women are constituted complements of each 
other, or fitted to assume places as components of 
a chord in social life. 

I.— Temperament and Matrimony. 

In marriage, above all other relations in life, har- 
monious conditions are essential. Not only the 
happiness of the parties originally concerned are in- 
volved, but the physical symmetry, mental balance, 
and general well-being of offspring also. The conse- 
quences of a discordant union may involve many 
generations in misery, or — a less melancholy fate — 
result in the extinction of a family. 

Some physiologists have taught that the constitu- 
tions of the parties in marriage should be similar, so 
as to insure similar tastes, habits, and modes of 
thought, while others have contended that contrasts 
should be sought, to give room for variety and pre- 
vent the stagnation of a level sameness. Neither of 
these statements expresses fully the true law of selec- 
tion, though both are partly true. There can be no 
harmony without a difference, but there may be dif- 
ference without harmony. It is not because she is 
like him that a man loves a woman, but because she 
is unlike. For the same reason she loves him. The 
qualities which the one lacks are those which in the 
other attract and hold the fancy and the heart. The 
more womanly the woman, the greater her power 



fig. <5g. -miss . 




FIG. 60. — VICTOR M. EICE. 

TEMPERAMENT AND MARRIAGE. 
PLATE XXVIII. 



Temperament in the Domestic Relations. 133 

over men, and in proportion as she approaches the 
masculine in person or in character will she repel the 
other sex ; while a woman admires, no less, in man 
true manliness, and feels for effeminacy and weakness 
in him either pity or contempt. What should be 
sought and what is sought, as a rule, in a husband or 
a wife, where arbitrary conventional customs and 
considerations of rank, wealth, and position are not 
allowed to interfere, is not a counterpart, but a com- 
plement — something to supply a lack — the other self, 
which shall round out one's being and form a perfect, 
symmetrical whole. As in music it is not contiguous 
notes which combine to form chords, but those sepa- 
rated from each other, as a first and a third or a third 
and a fifth ; so we produce social and domestic har- 
mony by associating graduated differences. Two 
persons maybe "too much alike to agree." They 
crowd each other, for " two objects can not occupy 
the same space at the same time." So while a 
" union of opposites " is by no means to be insisted 
upon, or even recommended, as a rule, yet a too 
close similarity in constitution should be avoided, as 
detrimental to offspring as well as inimical to the hap- 
piness of the parties themselves. The Mental Tem- 
perament, for instance, strongly developed in both 
would tend to intensify the intellectual activity, al- 
ready perhaps too great, in each, and if offspring 
should unfortunately result, they would be likely to 
inherit in still greater excess the constitutional tend- 
encies of the parents. In the same way, a marked 
preponderance of the Motive or the Vital systems in 
both parents leads to a similar state of connubial 



'34 



The Temperaments. 



discord, and a lack of temperamental balance in the 
children, if any, resulting from the union. Where 
there is a close approximation to a symmetrical and 
harmonious development — " a balance of Tempera- 
ments " — the union of similar organizations is less 
objectionable and may result favorably, as respects 
both parents and children ; but such cases are so rare 
that a rule drawn from them would prove of little 
practical value. 

The disastrous effects upon their offspring of the 
marriage of blood relations, it seems probable, are 
mainly, if not wholly, referable to the similarity of 
constitution inherited by each from the common 
stock ; for we find that such unions are by no means 
uniformly unfavorable to progeny — some instances 
being quoted by eminent writers on the subject, 
where intermarriage has resulted in the improvement 
instead of the deterioration of the families thus 
uniting their members. It is likely that a close in- 
vestigation into the circumstances in such cases 
would show either an approximate balance of tem- 
peramental elements in the parties, furnishing no 
excesses or deficiencies to be exaggerated in progeny, 
or else an exceptional diversity in the constitutions 
of the male and female members of these families. 

The Vital system is the life-giving and life-sustain- 
ing element in the human constitution, and must be 
considered as the physical basis of marriage and of 
parentage. This temperamental element should 
therefore, undoubtedly be strongly indicated in one, 
at least, of the parties to a conjugal union ; and if 
strikingly deficient in one, should be predominant in 




FIG. 6l. — HON. MR. IULIA.N 




FIG. 62. — PRINCES? GISELA OF AUSTRIA. 

TEMPERAMENT AND MARRIAGE, 



PLATE XXIX. 



Temperament in the Domestic Relations. 135 

the other, to insure a proper balance in offspring. A 
man like Fig. 57, for instance, with an excess of 
the Mental Temperament and deficient in vital stam- 
ina, should either remain single or marry a woman 
organized like Fig. 58 or Fig. 66, with an immense 
fund of vitality, but sufficiently intellectual to appre- 
ciate him, share, in a degree, his aspirations and sym- 
pathize with him in his tastes. With one like Fig. 
59 for a wife, the children, if any, would probably 
be few and puny and die young, the too keen sensi- 
bilities, the excess of mental activity, and the inten- 
sity of all the pains they suffer or the pleasures they 
enjoy, would soon wear out the inadequate physical 
system with which alone their parents were able to 
endow them. 

Where the Motive Temperament is strongly indi- 
cated, as in Figs. 64 and 65, there is needed in the 
one selected as " partner for life," a predominance of 
the vital or nutritive system, as in Figs. 62 and 66, 
to impart vivacity and cheerfulness to the family 
circle, and to transmit to offspring the proper degree 
of mental and physical activity, warmth, amiability, 
and suavity of character, as well as to give a desirable 
softness and plumpness to the physical system ; while 
a good development of the Mental is requisite to 
refine, elevate, stimulate, and give intellectual power 
and aesthetic tastes. 

A man with a strongly developed Motive Tempera- 
ment (Figs. 64 and 65), united in marriage to a womar 
of the same organization (Fig. 63), would lack the 
stimulating, warming, and softening influences which 
so favorably modify the somewhat slow, cold, rough, 



1 36 The Temperaments. 



hard, and austere features characteristic of the con- 
stitution, and the pair would move too slowly for the 
current of progress around them, unless awakened 
by the strong influence of some grand revolutionary 
movement, and their children would inherit, in a still 
higher degree, their homely angularities of person, 
and their energetic, persistent, and sturdy, but hard, 
rough, and severe traits of character. Fortunately 
the Motive Temperament (Fig. 63) is not a common 
one among women, nor do men of this organization 
affect their style of beauty, even in its modified 
feminine form, but look rather for the plump rosiness 
of the fair-haired blonde, or the pale, delicate loveli- 
ness of the gray-eyed Psyche, whose frailness appeals 
to their strength, and whose mental quickness con- 
trasts so strongly with their slow, but powerful in- 
tellectual movements. In general, a medium between 
these two attractions will be found the safest and best 
course for them. 

A rational, natural, and harmonious marriage con- 
nection requires to have its foundations laid in a 
broad, full vitality, but this element must not com- 
prise also the superstructure. Where both parties 
are of the Vital Temperament (Figs. 60 and 66), the 
union is not favorable, either to them or to their 
children. There being no cooling, restraining, or re- 
fining influence at work with them, the parents are 
apt to give way too much to their impulses and pas- 
sions, to live too fast, to fall into excesses and dis- 
sipations, be fitful, vacillating, and indolent, and to 
transmit to their children too much of the animal 
nature, too little mental power, and an excess of 




FIG. 63. — LOLA MONTEZ. 




FIG. 64. — A. E. B. PHELPS. 

TEMPERAMENT IN MARRIAGE. 
PLATE XXX. 



Temperament in the Domestic Relations. 137 

appetite, passion, and love of pleasure. An influen- 
tial development of the Mental and the Motive 
(Figs. 59 and 65) elements in a husband or wife 
should be sought by a person of a full Vital Tem- 
perament (Figs. 58 and 60), the one to give tough- 
ness, consistency, persistence, and coolness, and the 
other to refine and elevate the character, and impart 
intellectuality, taste, and love of culture to offspring. 

From the foregoing considerations it appears that 
the point to be aimed at is a proper balance in all 
the temperamental elements, what is lacking in the 
husband to be made up by the wife, and vice versa — 
the one being a complement or counterpoise of the 
other, so that an even development, as nearly as pos- 
sible, may be transmitted to offspring. 

Beyond the somewhat general statements thus 
made, the correctness of which can hardly be called 
in question, it is not, perhaps, in the present state of 
our knowledge of the laws of social harmony, safe 
to go. We have correctly given, as we believe, the 
general law of harmony in our social relations. If 
we can not lay down exact formula for its practical 
application, which will apply to all cases, it is simply 
because the gamut of the human passions, unlike 
that of the musical notes, has not been definitely 
determined, or the elements of our physical organ- 
ization reduced to a graduated series. The time will 
come, in the progress of the race in knowledge, 
when men will touch with no uncertain fingers the 
keys which are to render the sublime anthem of dis- 
enthralled and harmonized humanity. In the mean- 
time, reader, first " know thyself," mentally and tern- 



138 The Temperaments. 



peramentally, and then, through the " Signs of 
Character" — as stamped upon every organization — 
upon the cranium, upon the face, upon every organ, 
feature, and movement — study and become ac- 
quainted with those around you, and you will find 
little difficulty in determining, in reference to any 
particular individual of the opposite sex, whether 
there \i, between you and him or her that graduated 
difference which might bring harmony out of union. 

II. — Temperament and Family Government. 

As some of the children resemble the father, others 
"take after" the mother, and a third class combine 
in different degrees the Temperaments of both, there 
are often in the same family a diversity of organiza- 
tions to deal with. The light already thrown upon 
the subject, in previous chapters, will suggest a mode 
of family government which shall be flexible enough 
to admit of a different treatment for different or- 
ganizations. 

At first, as we have shown, the Vital system has 
normally the ascendency in the child, and the rest- 
less activity which impels to fun and mischief, and 
keeps body and limbs in perpetual motion, are but 
the expression of that organic condition, and is sel- 
dom punishable, in any form, and least of all by 
imprisonment — the greatest of cruelties in such cases. 
If it be necessary that the child be kept still at all, 
the periods of enforced quiet should be as brief as 
possible. Whether one may "spare the rod" and 
not "spoil the child " or not, is a question we do not 
purpose to discuss here ; but a little whipping, if it 




FIG. 65. — R. B. WOODWARD. 




FIG. 66. — NELL G WYNNE. 

TEMPERAMENT AND MARRIAGE. 
PLATE XXXI 



Temperament in the Domestic Relations. 139 

do no good, will do no great harm to a child of the 
Vital Temperament, and will soon be forgotten, as 
well as the occasion which called for it. 

When the Mental Temperament becomes influen- 
tial, as it unfortunately too often does at an early age 
in those who have inherited a strong tendency to it, 
the keen sensibilities, the refined tastes, the self- 
respect, the sense of moral responsibility, give the par- 
ent something higher than fear of the rod to which 
he can appeal, and make corporal punishments de- 
grading as well as cruel. The basis of parental gov 
ernment is then entirely changed and placed on a 
higher plane. Children prematurely developed in the 
intellectual faculties and in the moral sentiments, re- 
quire little correction of any kind. They are generally 
" good little boys and girls," who are pointed out by 
parents and teachers as examples for those embodi- 
ments of fun and mischief, the robust, full-blooded, 
round-faced " children who will be children," and act 
like children, in spite of both precept and example to 
the contrary. If "whom the gods love die young," 
their affections are evidently given to the " smart " 
juvenile men and women, who love their books, do 
not care for play, and are too good to require the rod. 
Parents love them too, and if they desire to keep 
them on earth for the performance of their life's work 
here, they should restrain their too great mental ac- 
tivity, and encourage exercise and active sports, and 
foster in every possible way the development of the 
Vital system. 

The Motive Temperament is less liable than the 
Mental to premature development. It sometimes, 



140 The Temperaments. 

however, makes its physical and mental peculiarities 
manifest at too early a day. Children of this Tem- 
perament have not the bodily activity and love of 
motion characteristic of those in whom the Vital sys- 
tem predominates, or the intellectual liveliness and 
quickness of those possessing the Mental Tempera- 
ment. They are strong and tough, but deliberate in 
movement and in thought, and may seem dull and 
stupid by the side of those in whom brain-power is 
the leading element, but they have stamina, steadi- 
ness, energy, and perseverance, and are not unlikely to 
reach the distant goal ahead of their more active com- 
petitors. They are not so apt to "get into scrapes," 
or to transgress the rules, through a mere thoughtless 
love of mischief, as those having the Vital constitution, 
but they do not like to be subjected to authority, and 
are often rebellious against wholesome restraint, while 
their strong wills, dogged resolutions, pluck, and per- 
sistency render them very difficult to manage. They 
must be held in with a taut rein and a strong hand. 
No compromises or half-way measures will do for 
them. They will give up only when their slow-acting, 
but cool and correct judgment tells them that it 
would be folly to resist. 

III.— Illustrative Examples. 

When it comes to dealing with daughters of a mar- 
riageable age, but still " infants " in the eyes of the 
law, a most delicate and often difficult task is imposed 
upon parents. Having watched over, nursed, and ed- 
ucated them with a tender solicitude for their welfare, 
and seen them grow up in beauty and moral love- 



Temperament in the Domestic Relations. 141 

liness, it is hard sometimes to give them up, even to 
the most honorable, suitable, and loving husband ; 
and sometimes the suitor is not suitable, and there is 
reason to believe that the union on which the daughter 
has set her heart would prove disastrous to her hap- 
piness. What shall the devoted parents do? The 
author of " Wedlock "* answers this momentous ques- 
tion in the light of Temperament and Mental Organ- 
ization by means of the following illustrative exam- 
ples, which we can do no better than to quote in full : 

THE CASE OF MARY SMITH. 
Mary Smith is a young lady of sixteen summers, 
living in the country. She has a predominance of 
the Vital Temperament, average intelligence and 
moral sense, moderate Self-esteem and Firmness, 
and pretty strong social feelings. She is fashionably 
rather than solidly educated, and is vivacious, affec- 
tionate, amiable, and easily influenced by stronger 
and more positive natures — a good girl, but one with 
no great strength either of character or feeling. Her 
future will depend far more upon others than upon 
herself. 

Mary goes to the city to visit some relatives, and 
is thrown into the society of a number of young 
men. One of them — a dark-haired, muscular man, 
with a predominating Motive Temperament, and a 
strong, positive, imperious character — pays her par- 
ticular attentions, says pleasant things, and makes 



* Wedlock ; or, The Right Relation of the Sexes. New York 
S. R. Wells & Co. 



142 The Temperaments, 



himself generally agreeable. He dresses well, sings 
delightfully, and has all the external polish of a 
gentleman. His person and manners please Mary's 
Ideality, and his attentions (something new to her) 
gratify her Approbativeness ; and when he says he 
loves her, she thinks herself very much in love with 
him. He visits her in the country. Mr. Smith don't 
like him. He has more knowledge of men than his 
daughter. We will not suppose him to be either a 
phrenologist or a physiognomist, but he has an in- 
tuitive perception of character, and the young man's 
looks do not please him. He makes inquiries in the 
city, and learns that this candidate for his daughters 
hand is a " fast " young man of a decidedly dissolute 
character. 

Now when this roue' " proposes " and is referred to 
" pa," what shall Mr. Smith do ? Shall he allow his 
daughter to throw herself away upon this miserable 
scamp, whom she thinks she loves, but whom she 
would soon, if married to him, learn to despise and 
loathe ? The father says No, very emphatically ; and 
he does right. The young man storms, and Miss 
Mary cries and declares in the most positive manner 
that she can never live without her dear Harry — that 
all her hopes of happiness in this world are nipped 
in the bud, and much more of the same sort, in all 
of which she is- perfectly sincere. It grieves her 
good father to be obliged to distress her, but he 
knows too much of her character to have any fears 
of permanent ill-effects from her disappointment. 

Within a year the " dear Harry " has eloped with 
a Madison-Square heiress, and Mary has another 




FIG. 67. — HORACE A. BUTTOLPH. 




FIG. 68. — MARIE SOPHIE SCHWARTZ. 



TEMPERAMENT IN THE TEACHER. 

PLATE XXXII 



Temperament in the Domestic Relations. 143 

lover, and is as smiling and happy as ever. She has 
long since thanked her father, with tears of gratitude 
m her eyes, for having saved her from the selfish 
adventurer whom she thought she loved. 

This was a "love affair," in the common accepta- 
tion of the term, but there was really no true love 
concerned in it. On one side it was a heartless and 
selfish piece of deception, and on the other a mere 
passing fancy. Similar cases are constantly occurring, 
and the duty of parents in reference to them, it seems 
to us, is plain. Remember Mr. Smith, and go and do 
likewise. 

Now let us look at a case of another kind : 

ELLEN JONES' "LOVE AFFAIR." 

Ellen Jones is in many respects the opposite of 
Mary Smith. A Mental-Motive Temperament ; a 
good degree of Self-esteem and Firmness, with not 
too much Approbativeness ; considerable Combative- 
ness and strong affections give her mental constitu- 
tion a marked and decided character. She is not 
easily led, and has a mind and a will of her own. 
She, moreover, is nineteen ; has been a good deal in 
" society; " has had suitors ; and is accustomed to the 
polite attentions of gentlemen, which she knows how 
to estimate at their proper value. 

At last Ellen finds herself loved by one whose love 
she can return ; and she loves him with all the ardor 
and strength of her strong, positive nature. He is 
adapted to her in Temperament and disposition, and 
loves her truly ; but in this case, as in the other, the 
father does not approve of the daughter's choice 



144 The Temperaments. 



Nothing can be said against the young man's moral 
character; but he is poor; is not, in Mr. Jones' 
opinion, calculated to make a fortune very soon ; 
and in social position is not Ellen's equal. Mr. Jones 
thinks Ellen might do better — a great deal better. 

Will Mr. Jones imitate Mr. Smith, and put his I 
veto on the engagement? Not if he be wise and 
love his daughter. He has no soft, pliable, easy nat- 
ure to deal with. When Ellen says she loves, she 
knows what she is talking about, and means all she 
says ; and if she declare that a union with the chosen 
one is absolutely essential to her happiness, she states 
merely the simple fact. To love once, with her, is 
to love forever. If her father refuse his consent, she 
will wait till of age and then marry, if need be, with- 
out his consent ; or if he succeed in breaking off the 
match altogether, he will have blighted his daughter's 
life and destroyed her only chance for happiness in 
this world. He should yield to her wishes even 
against his own judgment in regard to the fitness of 
the match. 

This is also a sample of a large class of cases in 
which we think the duty of parents is equally plain 
as in the other. Any interference that shall amount 
to a prohibition can result in nothing but evil. It is 
best, when dealing with such characters and under 
such circumstances, to let love take its course even 
though we can not fully approve its choice. 

There are cases, no doubt, hardly referable to 
either of these classes, in which it will be exceed- 
ingly difficult to decide rightly what to do — cases to 
which no general rule that we can lay down will 



Temperament in the Domestic Relations. 145 



apply; but a knowledge of the human organization, 
physical and mental, a conscientious desire to do 
right, and an humble reliance upon Divine guidance, 
will generally make plain the path of duty in this as 
in other matters involving human feelings and human 
welfare. 




WENDELL PHILLIPS. 



7 



XI. 



TEMPERAMENT AND EDUCATION. 

In both the teacher and the pupil, Temperament 
is an element of no small importance. If the one is 
to impart knowledge, draw out latent powers, and de- 
velop natural capacities, he must not merely have the 
knowledge to impart and be aware of the existence 
of the powers and capacities upon which he is to 
operate, but he must understand the physical and 
mental organization of the subject of his efforts, in 
order to know how best to open his mind and throw 
the vivifying light into its inmost recesses ; and if the 
other is to receive knowledge, to give out his latent 
powers, and grow in understanding and capacity for 
the conception of ideas, he must be placed under 
conditions suited to his peculiar constitution and 
favorable to his natural activity. In other words, 
the teacher must have aptness to teach and the pupil 
must be placed in conditions of temperamental har- 
mony with his teacher and with his fellow-students ; 
and this implies, on the part of the former, a suitable 
Temperament in himself, and a good, practical knowl- 
edge of the doctrine of the Temperaments, to be 
applied in the labors of the school-room — in classify- 
ing his pupils, in suiting his instructions to the 
various classes, and in governing widely different 
dispositions. 

(146) 



Temperament and Education. 14J 



I.— Temperament in the Teacher (Figs, 07 
and 68). 

Physically, the good teacher must have vital stam- 
ina, toughness, and endurance ; mentally, he must be 
active, clear-headed, and comprehensive ; morally, he 
must be warm-hearted, sympathetic, and affable, as 
well as energetic, persevering, and firm. There must 
be a sufficient development of the Motive constitu- 
tion to give strength and density of fiber to the body, 
and coolness, steadfastness, and force of character to 
the mind ; enough of the Mental element to impart 
delicacy, refinement, intellectual quickness, capacity, 
and high moral principles ; and so much of the Vital 
condition as will serve to sustain and give vigor, 
warmth, susceptibility, and vivacity to both the phys- 
ical and the mental functions. In short, the teacher 
requires, as near as may be, a balance of the temper- 
amental elements. With such an organization — too 
rare, we fear, at present, to supply all the teachers the 
world needs — there will be dignity without stiffness ; 
determination without harshness ; liveliness without 
frivolity ; pluck and executive power without quar- 
relsomeness ; ardor and enthusiasm without passion 
and blind impulse ; and capacity for conception and 
expression without pedantry and volubility. He 
would not only possess the necessary knowledge, but 
would be able to communicate it ; not only have the 
capacity to lead, but the power to control ; and he 
would be loved as well as respected. 

Without an approximation to the qualifications we 
have enumerated, no one is or can be fitted for the 



148 



The Temperaments. 



office of teacher, though where persons suitably or 
ganized and educated can not be found, we must, of 
course, do the best we can with the inferior materials 
at command. Where the natural educator, with all 
the acquired qualifications which study and experi- 
ence can impart, offers himself, he should be gladly 
received, duly honored, and adequately rewarded ; so 
that he will not be tempted to seek some other 
profession because more remunerative or more re- 
spected. Of all who aspire to teach, it should at 
least be required that they have a practical knowl- 
edge of the Temperaments and the ability to adapt 
their instructions, in a degree at least, to the organi- 
zation of each class of pupils. 

II. — Temperament in the Pupil (Figs. 69 to 72). 

With a classification of pupils according to Tem- 
perament, practicable and easy with him, the properly 
organized and qualified teacher, having, as nearly as 
may be, a balanced Temperament, would be able to 
put himself, through his sympathy and adaptability, 
into intimate relations with each class, on its own 
plane. The intellectual activity and studiousness of 
the Mental; the slowness, but effective power and 
persistence of the Motive ; and the liveliness, suscep- 
tibility, and instability of the Vital, would all be met 
with a wise forethought of each temperamental pecu- 
liarity, and the mode of instruction and of discipline 
adapted to each in turn. 

1 . The Mental Temperament (Fig. 69). — Children in 
whom the Mental system is most influential are dis- 
posed to intellectual activity, have desire to learn. 




RIG. 71.— VITAL TEMPERAMENT. 

FIG. 72. — VITAL TEMPERAMENT. 

TEMPERAMENT IN CHILDREN. 
PU\TE XXXIII. 



Temperament and Education. 149 



and acquire knowledge rapidly. They are generally 
fond of study, have excellent memories for facts and 
rules, and readily comprehend the teacher's explana- 
tions, where any are required. They go to the head 
of their classes, get much praise for their studiousness 
and their remarkable proficiency in their studies, and 
are incited thereby to still greater exertions. They 
need no stimulus to quicken their attention or spur 
them on, but, on the contrary, often require to be 
held back, and the counteracting influences of occu- 
pations and recreations, involving outdoor muscular 
exercise, brought to bear upon them to prevent per- 
manent injury to their physical constitutions. They 
should be encouraged to frequent the gymnasium (if 
one be at hand under proper physiological manage- 
ment), to play ball, to row, and to ride. Explain to 
them, good teacher (and they will readily understand 
you), that without health and vital stamina their 
learning will avail them nothing in the end, and that 
they, proud as they are of their superior attainments, 
will finally be distanced in the race by the dull, back- 
ward, homely fellows whose places are now at the 
foot of the class, unless they can acquire and retain 
the necessary bodily vigor to back up their mental 
activity. 

Fig. 69 is that of an intellectually precocious boy, 
and examples of a similar configuration are, alas ! 
too common. It is the body, in such cases, rather 
than the mind, which needs culture, and we beg the 
parents and teachers of such children, as they value 
their health, their welfare — their lives, in fact — to 
cease to stimulate their minds and hasten to pro- 



1 50 The Temperaments. 



mote vital and muscular development, as a means 
of imparting an enduring power to the brain, as well 
as of counteracting its excessive activity. It is some- 
times said of such children that they are " old-look- 
ing," and the remark is a correct one. Such a form 
of head and face belongs only to the adult, and is a 
deformity in a child. Children of such an organiza- 
tion and configuration are " too smart to live ;" and, 
if they do not die young, will fail to realize the fond 
hopes of their parents, simply on account of the lack 
of physical power. 

2. The Vital Temperament (Figs. 71 and 72). — Here 
we find activity equal to that manifested in the 
Mental Temperament, but it is of another kind, and 
leads to different results. Children of the Vital 
Temperament (sanguine type) are round-faced, ruddy, 
blue-eyed, light-haired, overflowing with animal spir- 
its, perpetually in motion, full of jollity and good 
nature, prone to mischief, and not very fond of either 
study or hard work. Their attention is easily at- 
tracted, however, and though it can be held but a 
short time to any particular subject, they learn 
readily, provided the lessons be made easy and not 
too long. They are always wide awake, listen eagerly 
when the teacher speaks, and like to get their in- 
struction orally, instead of from the text-book ; but 
in any case their attention is as easily diverted as it 
is gained, and long-continued application is impos- 
sible. Such children require frequent recesses for 
recreation, and should be allowed some latitude in 
the way of movement in the school-room. They 
can not be kept still, and all attempts to enforce the 



Temperament and Education. 151 



law of quietness must end in failure. Mr. Sizer, in 
the American Phrenological Journal, recommends to 
classify such children together, if possible, and " once 
in twenty minutes have them march around the 
room ; let them study standing for five minutes, and 
then sitting; let one of them listen to the lesson of 
the others, and alternate ; they should have stories 
told ; they should recite in concert, so that they may 
have a chance to make a noise. In short, every 
method should be devised to give them occasion for 
change. These children have generally a good mem- 
ory of words ; they will learn to recite by heart ; 
they are good spellers, often have a talent for figures, 
and are very fond of geography, though they would 
like to study by taking the world for a map." They 
will be rather superficial at best, but will make the most 
in after-life of all the knowledge they may acquire. For 
abstract science, thorough investigation, and patient 
research, they have neither the taste nor the capacity. 

Children in whom the dark variety of the Vital 
Temperament (Bilious- Vital) prevails, while mani- 
festing a similar restless activity of body, love of fun 
and mischief, impatience of restraint, and distaste 
for hard study, lack the alertness and impressibility 
of the sanguine variety. On the contrary, they are 
apt to be rather dull, slow, inert, and passive, as 
regards the reception of instruction ; but they are 
more persistent in their attention and application, 
and have more retentive memories, offering a firmer 
basis for judicious culture than the other class. They 
are stronger-willed and more passionate and ob- 
stinate than children of the light-haired type. 



152 



The Temperaments. 



3. The Motive Temperci7nent (Fig. 70). — As we have 
elsewhere shown, the Motive Temperament is not a 
normal one in childhood and early youth, the Vital 
system naturally predominating. It is, however, 
sometimes, though much less frequently than the 
Mental constitution, prematurely developed, particu- 
larly in respect to those characteristics which are due 
to the influence of the Bilious element. It becomes 
necessary, therefore, to deal with it in the family and 
the school, much more frequently than might, at the 
first view, be inferred ; and often in the persons of 
boys and girls (but more particularly the former) who 
manifest in their configuration and general appear- 
ance but few of its physical traits. Its homely prom- 
inences and angularities come later. 

The child in whom the bilious element is predomi- 
nant, and who is, by inheritance, strongly predisposed 
to the full development of the Motive or Muscular 
Temperament, w T ill be slow and dull as a student, 
receiving impressions with difficulty and requiring 
much explanation and illustration, to enable him to 
comprehend and fully appropriate the instruction ; but 
whatever is acquired, is retained with great tenacity, 
and each fact or principle mastered is an entering 
wedge which tends to open the mind to further ac- 
quirements. There is no brilliancy about him, but 
he is sound, practical, and strong. If the superstruct- 
ure goes up slowly and roughly, it has at least a solid 
foundation and a promise of enduring stability. It 
requires unselfish devotion as well as patience and 
perseverance, on the part of the teacher, to do justice 
to the pupil who manifests so little aptness, and 



Temperament and Education. 



153 



who makes no show of extraordinary progress to give 
eclat to examination day ; but the time may come 
when, after all his brilliant pupils shall have passed 
into commonplace men and women and been forgot- 
ten, he will be proud in saying : " He was my pupil. 
I gave his mind its early discipline, and drew out, by 
dint of persistent effort, his latent capacities." 

Daniel Webster was one of those slow, backward 
boys, of whom little is expected, but who by and by 
astonish the world by their exhibition of strength of 
mind and executive ability. He had not the Motive 
Temperament, but possessed that less common com- 
bination of the bilious with the vital constitution, 
which gives in childhood and youth a similar mental 
inertness and passivity, but which, later in life, when 
the brain has come to be more fully developed and 
ambition has been awakened, becomes a source of 
power, stability, and enduring efficiency. 

The grand object, in dealing with children of the 
Motive Temperament, is to awaken the slumbering 
energies of the mind, by bringing to bear upon them 
the stimulus of emulation among those of similar 
organization, and by pointing out to them examples 
in history which shall excite their ambition and en- 
courage their hopes. Above all, have patience with 
them and do not set them down as dunces because 
they lack quickness and brilliancy. If sufficient 
mental development and activity can be secured, 
they will, in the end, take their places as leaders in 
the spheres of active life ; otherwise, they will be 
fitted only for the world's rough, hard work, or for 
the still rougher ways of lawlessness, violence, and 
7* 



154 The Temperametits. 



crime. They do not like restraint, and, both as chil- 
dren and as men, are often inclined to be insubordi* 
nate and set law and order at defiance. Firmness and 
inflexibility, tempered with kindness, should be ex- 
ercised in their discipline. 

III. — General Considerations. 
How far it may be practicable, at present, to 
classify the children in our public or private schools 
on the basis of temperamental organization, we are 
not prepared to say, but we are confident that this 
is a result to be desired and prepared for, and sure 
to be reached, sooner or later, as enlightened views 
of the human organization shall generally prevail. 
Without this classification, however, a knowledge of 
the facts we have briefly set forth will enable the in- 
telligent teacher to adapt his instructions and dis- 
cipline in some degree to the natural disposition of 
each pupil. He will give the studious, sharp-witted, 
clear-headed subjects of the Mental Temperament 
no long and minute explanations of rules or princi- 
ples, which they grasp at once, from their books, but 
will lead their minds rather to the practical applica- 
tions of these rules and principles, which they are 
liable to overlook, and to the danger of excessive 
mental activity, in connection with defective vitality; 
to the impulsive, ardent, versatile, vivacious, and vola- 
tile pupils whom the rich, warm blood of the Vital 
Temperament impels to perpetual action, he will 
prescribe short lessons, frequent changes, and abun- 
dant recreation, without attempting to chain their 
roving minds continuously to any one subject ; while 



Temperament and Education. 155 



the stronger, but slower and less impressible " dark, 
homely, bilious fellows " will be patiently drilled ac- 
cording to the deliberate action of their own minds, 
clear and full explanations being alternated with 
time to think out the relations of things as involved 
in their lessons. 

The different combinations of these primary Tem- 
peraments will, of course, require modifications of 
treatment, which will suggest themselves to the 
teacher who has mastered the distinctions we have 
so carefully indicated in previous chapters ; and it 
should be his aim to so train the minds and bodies 
of the plastic beings under his charge, as to promote 
a harmonious blending of the temperamental ele- 
ments, cultivating those which are too feebly devel- 
oped and restraining and counteracting those which 
are too strong and active. 



XII 



TEMPERAMENT AND OCCUPATION. 

In every profession and occupation we may find 
all the Temperaments represented. There are clergy- 
men of the Vital and Motive as well as of the 
Mental Temperament, and sailors, soldiers, and lum- 
bermen of the Mental and Vital as well as of the 
Motive Temperament ; but this merely illustrates the 
well-known fact that people are often out of place — 
the round pegs in the square holes and the square 
pegs in the round holes — in other words, that acci- 
dental circumstances, and not scientific principles, 
have generally governed in the selection of a trade 
or profession. It is none the less true that, while 
some persons, by virtue of a many-sided, symmetri- 
cal, harmonious organization, are fitted to fill, with 
nearly equal advantage, almost any position in life, 
or follow any trade or profession, the vast majority 
is made up of those whom Nature has adapted to 
particular callings, by giving them organizations bet- 
ter suited to some particular species of activity than 
to others. It is the object of this chapter to point 
out these adaptations, so far, at least, as they may 
depend upon temperamental conditions and the 
mental manifestations which attend and mark these 
conditions. 

(156, 



Temperament and n ccupation. 157 

I. — Adaptations of the Motive Temperament 
(Fig- 73). 

In this Temperament we have long, massive bones ; 
dense, tough, wiry muscles ; steel-like tendons ; and 
ligaments of iron — strength, endurance, capacity for 
physical exertion, both severe and prolonged ; and, 
withal, a genuine love of work. It furnishes, then, 
considered in its mere bodily aspects, material for 
the rank and file of the great army of laborers — 
farmers, miners, lumbermen, artisans in all the 
heavier trades, sailors, soldiers, etc. Men of this 
constitution make the best pioneers of civilization 
in new countries. The forests fall before their 
strong arms. They patiently follow the plow which 
breaks up the broad prairie. The rough life of the 
new settler does not disgust or discourage them. No 
dangers can turn them from their course, and they 
fight Indians, contend against the elements and the 
beasts of the forest, or resist disease and death with 
the same unconquerable pluck and tenacity of pur- 
pose. They explore new regions ; open new mines 
of gold, silver, or iron ; build roads through the wil- 
derness ; and prepare the way for a higher civilization 
than they carry with them. Wherever there is hard 
work to be done, great obstacles to be overcome, 
imminent danger to be met, pluck, energy, and per- 
severance to be brought into action, we ought to 
find, and to a large extent do find, men of the Motive 
Temperament at the front. 

As mechanics, men of the Motive Temperament 
should be iron-workers, stone-masons, blacksmiths, 
ship-builders, carpenters, etc. 



158 The Temperaments. 



But, so far, we have been considering this Temper- 
ament as exhibited on the lower plane of its activity — 
in persons in whom the mental system is not influen- 
tial, or has not been awakened, drawn out, and 
developed by education and exercise. With a full 
(though subordinate) development of the mental 
system and a fair education, perso'ns of the Motive 
Temperament become something more than mere 
hewers of wood and drawers of water. Workers they 
still necessarily are, but workers with the brain as 
well as with the hands, and the leaders and masters 
of others who work. They become navigators, dis- 
coverers, explorers, the founders of colonies, the 
builders and managers of railways, and the founders 
of great works generally — the master-spirits in all 
spheres of active life, where energy, courage, stead- 
fastness, perseverance, and practical ability are most 
in demand. In times of political agitation, and in 
unsettled and lawless states of society, we often find 
them engaged in fomenting revolutions, heading in- 
surrections, or leading unauthorized expeditions for 
the purpose of conquest or plunder. Restive under 
the restraints of even the most beneficent authority, 
loving liberty and hating tyranny in all its forms (ex- 
cept when exercised by themselves), they are ever 
ready to lead in " the fight for freedom ;" but so over- 
mastering, in many cases, is their ambition and so 
insatiable their love of power, that they may, unless 
restrained by high moral principles, become worse 
tyrants than those they are so ready to overthrow. 

It should be observed here that while the fore- 
going remarks apply in the main to persons of the 



Temperament and Occupation. 159 



Motive Temperament generally, they are, in part, 
more emphatically true of those in whom the dark 
or bilious element is predominant, the sanguine 
variety showing somewhat less harshness and inflex- 
ibility, and not being so strongly disposed to domineer 
over all weaker natures. 

It was fortunate for the American people that their 
Washington was a man of the Sanguine-Vital type 
(controlled by a predominant mental system) instead 
of the dark, bilious, or muscular constitution. The 
latter organization might have given them a more 
powerful leader, who would sooner and with more 
glory have driven the enemy from the soil, but it 
would probably also have given them a dictator and 
a dynasty instead of " the Father of his Country," 
who was not in love with power and who could lay 
down the reins with more pleasure than that which 
he felt in taking them up, at the call of his country- 
men. By his side Caesar and Napoleon are mere 
pretenders. 

Though' the Motive Temperament gives neithei 
the taste nor any special fitness for either of the 
learned professions (so-called), yet where circum- 
stances have led men of this constitution to become 
clergymen, lawyers, or physicians, they have some- 
times, when well endowed intellectually, won distinc- 
tion in their professions. Their proper place, however, 
is in the field rather than in the study, the office, or 
the court-room. As clergymen, they are adapted to 
missionary labors in heathen lands. 



160 The Temperaments. 



II.— Adaptations of the Vital Temperament 
(Fig. 74). 

What are the plump, round-faced, blue-eyed, ruddy, 
jovial, warm-hearted, good-natured subjects of the 
Vital Temperament best fitted for ? They are full 
of life, zeal, enthusiasm, and impetuosity ; love fresh 
air and outdoor exercise ; have good, practical com- 
mon sense, and a general knowledge of men and 
things ; are quick, shrewd, fertile in resources, versa- 
tile, and ready ; but they lack depth of thought and 
accurate knowledge, steadiness, and perseverance ; are 
impulsive and passionate ; love pleasure more than 
duty, and are not fond of hard work. 

Well, such persons can do many things, but prefer 
and are best fitted for the light, active employments 
which necessitate neither close confinement, continu- 
ous application, nor great muscular or mental exer- 
tion. Having generally large Acquisitiveness and a 
good, practical perceptive intellect, they do well in 
trade, with clerks to perform the drudgery and bear 
the confinement ; they " know how to keep a hotel ;" 
may become contractors, agents, and superintendents 
in various branches of business, or butchers, bakers, 
expressmen, and conductors, and are not averse to 
politics and public office. 

With the Motive element of the constitution 
nearly equal, but subordinate to the Vital (as in Fig. 
98), there will be immense capacity for steady, effi- 
cient effort, with a taste for hard work and close ap- 
plication ; but the mental action will be slow and 
uncertain, and the character rather severe, harsh, and 
lacking in refinement. 




FIG. 73. — ABRAHAM LINCOLN. 




FIG. 74. — PERl-E HYACINTHE. 



PLATE XXXIV. 



Temperament and Occupation. 161 



The dark type, or Bilious-Vital Temperament, im- 
parts more strength, perseverance, steadiness, and 
capacity for actual work, as also more pride, passion, 
and love of domination than the xanthous variety, or 
Sanguine-Vital. 

Men of the Vital Temperament are to be found 
in all the professions, but they incline rather to 
medicine and divinity than to law, and with a good 
mental development often make very acceptable doc- 
tors and preachers. As physicians, their shrewdness, 
common sense, and intuitive knowledge of men, and, 
above all, their good-nature, sympathy, and cheer- 
fulness, are often worth more to their patients than 
the accurate scientific attainments and profound 
professional learning, which they are pretty sure to 
lack, could possibly be. Their sunny disposition, 
their hopefulness, their strong vital magnetism, and 
their words of cheer, are better remedies than their 
drugs, and the sick ones to whom they are called 
begin to feel better before they have swallowed the 
first pill or globule. 

As preachers, they are fluent, earnest, fervid, zeal- 
ous, and impassioned, rather than scholarly, pro- 
found, argumentative, eloquent, or elevated in tone, 
appealing to the heart rather than to the head, and 
moving their hearers through the feelings rather 
than through the intellect. 

III.— Adaptations of the Mental Tempera- 
ment (Fig. 75). 

A comparatively slight and delicately organized 
body, small bones, thin muscles, slender limbs, and 



1 62 The Temperaments. 



a relatively large and active brain, prominent charac- 
teristics of the Mental Temperament, suggest at 
once light employments, requiring intelligence and 
skill rather than muscular power. Small hands, a 
delicate touch, and keen eyesight fit persons of this 
Temperament for the lighter mechanical arts, like 
those of the watchmaker or jeweler, and for the con- 
struction of delicate machinery, mathematical instru- 
ments, etc. ; also for the lighter branches of horticult- 
ure and trade. 

But the literary and aesthetic tastes, characteristic 
of the mental organization, incline those in whom it 
is dominant to pursuits more purely intellectual or 
artistic — to divinity, medicine, law, journalism, au- 
thorship, teaching, painting, sculpture, music — in all 
of which the highest success may be attained, where 
the proper special mental developments exist, and 
there is sufficient vital stamina to sustain the neces- 
sary intellectual activity. In the tendency of this 
Temperament to mental application, and the neglect 
of physical exercise and recreation, lies its greatest 
danger. Its failures are generally due to physical 
weakness and to organic derangements acting upon 
the nervous system, rather than to a lack of the requi- 
site cerebral development. 

Compounding the Mental with a nearly equal pro- 
portion of the Bilious-Motive element in what we 
have called the Mental-Motive Temperament, we 
have the most powerful and effective organization 
conceivable for really great works of a solid, endur- 
ing, and useful nature, whether in literature, science, 
or the arts. It combines intellectual strength and 




FIG. 76.— ANDREW JACKSON. 



PLATE XXXV. 



Temperament and Occupation. 163 



activity and moral elevation, with the cool, steady, 
persistent power of a dense and wiry physical organ- 
ization, and is capable of that continuous and effi- 
cient effort in the chosen sphere of action which 
alone gives grand final results. 

With the Vital next in strength and influence to 
the Mental element, there may be more brilliancy 
and a greater temporary success, but a less enduring 
fame, and a somewhat inferior capacity for useful- 
ness in the spheres of practical life. This combina- 
tion, however, gives us our greatest orators, our most 
elegant writers, as well as many great statesmen, 
divines, lawyers, and physicians. 

IV. — Special Development for Particular 
Pursuits. 

In addition to the temperamental qualifications 
suggested in the foregoing sections, each trade, pro- 
fession, or occupation requires for its most efficient 
exercise certain special developments, as follows : 

1. The Law. — Lawyers require large Eventuality, 
to recall lawcases and decisions ; large Comparison, 
to compare different parts of the law and evidence — ■ 
to criticise, cross-question, illustrate, and adduce 
similar cases ; and large Language, to give freedom 
of speech. 

2. Statesmanship. — Statesmen require large and 
well-balanced intellects, to enable them to understand 
and see through great public measures and choose 
the best course, together with high moral heads, to 
make them disinterested and seek the people's good, 
not selfish ends. 



164 The Temperaments. 



3. Medicine. — Physicians require large Perceptive 
Faculties, so that they may study and apply a knowl- 
edge of Anatomy and Physiology with skill and suc- 
cess ; full Destructiveness, lest they shrink from 
inflicting the pain requisite to cure ; large Construct- 
iveness, to give them skill in surgery ; large Combat- 
iveness, to render them resolute and prompt ; large 
Cautiousness, to render them judicious and safe ; and 
a large head, to give them general power of mind. 

4. Divinity. — Clergymen require a large frontal and 
coronal region, the former to give them intellectual 
capacity, and the latter to impart high moral worth, 
aims, and feelings, elevation of character, and blame- 
lessness of conduct ; large Veneration, Hope, and 
Spirituality, to imbue them with the spirit of faith 
and devotion ; large Benevolence and Adhesiveness, 
so that they may make all who know them love 
them, and thus win each over to the paths of truth 
and righteousness. Clergymen will do well to con- 
sult Phrenology ; it would enable them to account 
for many seeming mysteries, and give them power 
and influence to do great good. It is in the most 
perfect harmony with the highest Christianity. 

5. Journalism. — Editors require large Individuality 
and Eventuality, to collect and disseminate incidents, 
facts, news, and give a practical cast of mind ; large 
Comparison, to enable them to illustrate, criticise, 
show up errors, and the like ; full or large Combat- 
iveness, to render them spirited ; large Language, to 
render them copious, free, spicy, and racy ; and large 
Ideality, to give taste and elevated sentiments. An 
editor who understands and applies Phrenology 



Temperament and Occupation, 165 



possesses a power which he may use with great 
effect. 

6. Commerce. — Merchants require Acquisitiveness, 
to impart a desire and tact for business ; large Hope, 
to promote enterprise ; full Cautiousness, to render 
them safe ; large Perceptives, to give quick and cor- 
rect judgment of the qualities of goods ; good Calcu- 
lation, to impart rapidity and correctness in casting 
accounts; large Approbativeness, to render them 
courteous and affable ; and full Adhesiveness, to 
enable them to make friends of customers, and thus 
retain them. Why is one young man a better sales- 
man than another ? and why is one better worth a 
salary twice or thrice the amount than another? 
Phrenology answers this by pointing out the consti- 
tutional differences, and showing who is and who is 
not adapted to mercantile life. 

7. The Mechanic Arts. — Mechanics require strong 
constitutions, to give them muscular power and love of 
labor ; large Constructiveness and Imitation, to enable 
them to use tools with dexterity, work after a pattern, 
and easily do whatever they see others do ; and large 
Perceptive Faculties, to give the required judgment 
of the qualities of materials and the fitness of things. 

8. The Fine Arts. — Artists require high organic 
quality and large Ideality, to impart the necessary 
appreciation of the laws of beauty and the rules of 
taste ; refinement, delicacy, imagination, and aspira- 
tion ; Constructiveness, to give skill in the use of the 
implements of art ; Imitation, to enable them to 
copy well ; and large Perceptive Faculties, to impart 
judgment of the qualities and forms of objects. 



XIII. 



TEMPERAMENT IN HEALTH AND DISEASE. 

It is not our purpose to trench upon the domain 
of the medical writer, except so far as that domain is 
held in common by the physician and the physiolo- 
gist — in other words, we shall call attention to the 
relations between Temperament and disease, not for 
the purpose of indicating what modifications of medi- 
cal treatment the different constitutional conditions 
require, but in order, rather, to suggest the hygienic 
measures essential in each case to insure health of 
body and mental sanity. Incidentally, we have al- 
ready touched upon this subject in previous chapters, 
and particularly in III. and IV., but it is too impor- 
tant in its bearings upon human welfare to be passed 
over without another and a more complete presenta 
tion, under its appropriate head. 

I.— Predispositions of the Motive Tempera- 
ment (Fig. 76). 

The Motive Temperament gives great tenacity of 
life, and power to resist disease and its causes. It 
has, nevertheless, its weak points and its natural pre- 
dispositions to certain forms of functional derange- 
ment, which those who possess it should know how 
to guard and counteract, so as to insure the health 
and longevity of which their constitution is suscepti- 
ble. 

(166) 



Temperament in Health and Disease. 167 

In the first place, the hardiness, energy, and indif- 
ference to physical discomfort of persons of this 
Temperament lead to imprudent exposure to heat 
and cold, malaria, extreme fatigue, hurtful privations, 
and dietetic abuses, and thus render them liable to 
many diseases to which they are not, on constitu- 
tional grounds, particularly inclined. We can only 
warn such persons that even an iron constitution will 
finally give way before the assaults of diseases thus 
invited and fostered, and that neither honor nor 
profit are to be gained in the struggle against a 
fever or a pneumonia which might easily have been 
avoided. 

The special predisposition of the Motive Tempera- 
ment, especially in the dark variety, is to diseases of 
the stomach, more particularly those of a bilious 
character, and this predisposition is often strength- 
ened by the conditions of climate, locality, diet, and 
mode of life under which this constitution finds its 
fullest development and its greatest activity. This 
tendency, being understood, may, in general, be 
readily counteracted by judicious hygienic measures. 

1. In the first place, hot, malarious districts should, 
as far as possible, be avoided and the diet be chosen 
with reference to a cooling and diluent effect, to 
which end, salted and smoked meats, spices and con- 
diments generally, tea, coffee, and spirituous liquors, 
should be avoided and their places supplied by fresh 
beef, mutton, poultry, and game, in moderate quan- 
tities, farinaceous foods, vegetables, and especially 
fruits. 

2. The sanguine element of the Vital Tempera- 



i68 The Temperaments. 



ment, being the natural antagonist of the bilious 
element of the Motive, should be zealously cultivated 
wherever there is a tendency to excessive or abnor- 
mal action of the latter, tending to functional de- 
rangement or disease.- Some of the means of doing 
this consist in systematic exercises calculated to 
expand the lungs and aerate the blood, judicious 
bathing, recreation, and rest. 

For the correction of the mental faults into 
which persons of this Temperament are prone to fall, 
partly through deranged bodily functions, such as 
violent outbursts of passion, offensive self-assertion, 
a domineering spirit, and a needlessly harsh exercise 
of legitimate authority, in addition to the hygienic 
measures suggested, there should be an assiduous 
cultivation of the mental constitution and especially 
of those sentiments which, like Benevolence, Appro- 
bativeness, and Agreeableness, tend to soften and 
humanize the character. 

In health, the Motive Temperament, though it 
may not present, either in general contours or in par- 
ticular features, forms equally agreeable to the eye 
of refined taste, as are seen in those of the other 
Temperaments, is not by any means deficient in at- 
tractions. It has a rough beauty, born of strength 
and firmness ; a cool equipoise ; and an air of simple 
dignity, such as self-reliance and consciousness of 
power always give, and commands respect if not ad- 
miration. Mentally, if it has not the genial good- 
nature of the Vital Temperament, or the refinement 
and delicate perceptions of what is fitting in manners 
and right morals that characterize the Mental Tern- 



Temperament in Health and Disease. 169 

perament, it is not, therefore, necessarily either rude, 
brusque, or otherwise offensive in social intercourse 
or regardless of the tastes, feelings, or rights of 
others. It is in its excessive development or its 
abnormal action that it becomes disagreeable and 
dangerous. 

I L— Predispositions of the Vital Tempera- 
ment (Fig. 77). 

When we hear it remarked of a person that " he 
is the picture of health," we may safely infer, as a 
general rule, that the individual in question has the 
Vital Temperament. The full, round cheeks, the 
general plumpness, the fresh complexion, and the 
lively, cheerful expression of countenance which char- 
acterize this constitution, are popularly considered 
not merely as signs of health (which they certainly 
are in the case supposed), but as essential marks of 
bodily integrity and perfect functional action. The 
fact is, however, that the angular frame, prominent 
features, swarthy complexion, and severe gravity of 
countenance associated with the Motive Tempera- 
ment, and the slight figure, sharp, delicate features, 
and earnest thoughtfulness, seen in the Mental Tem- 
perament, are equally consistent with perfect health ; 
and the practical lesson taught by these facts is that 
to judge correctly of a person's health, we must take 
into the account, as an important factor, his natural 
constitutional condition. 

The Vital Temperament, undoubtedly, offers con- 
ditions exceedingly favorable to health and physical 
well-being. It necessarily involves, in full measure, 
8 



The Temperaments. 



all the elements which are required to sustain in 
vigorous action both brain and muscle. There is 
good digestion, complete assimilation, strong circu- 
lation, and ample breathing power. Good blood in 
abundance is prepared, properly vitalized, propelled 
through every part of the system, and finally per- 
fectly depurated, and its effete particles thrown out 
of the system by the proper outlets. The circle of 
animal life is unbroken. Added to this vital in- 
tegrity, and partly dependent upon it, we find that 
amiable, joyous, hopeful, and contented disposition 
which is as favorable to bodily health as it is to hap- 
piness and peace of mind. But with all these ad- 
vantages, this admirable constitution has its strong 
predispositions to derangement and disease. Com- 
plete fullness easily becomes overflowing excess, and 
here is just where the danger lies in this Tempera- 
ment — in excess — in physical plethora and mental 
exuberance — whence come congestions, inflamma- 
tions, intemperance, and sensuality. 

The diseases to which the Vital Temperament is 
particularly predisposed, then, are those of a con- 
gestive and inflammatory character — fevers, rheuma- 
tism, apoplexy, acute disease of the heart, etc. — and 
to active hemorrhages ; and they are generally severe 
and rapid in their progress. The hygienic measures 
necessary to prevent the excessive development or 
abnormal activity of the nutritive system lie mainly 
in calling into more vigorous action the antagonistic 
forces of the locomotive and nervous systems, so as 
to decrease the relative influence of the vital ele- 
ment. To do this we must — 




FIG. 78. — MRS. MARIANNE WETMORE. 



PLATE XXXVI. 



Temperament in Health and Disease. iji 

1. Engage in some employment involving a large 
amount of active muscular exercise; or, this being 
impracticable, substitute systematic gymnastic exer- 
cises calculated to produce the same result — the in- 
crease of the locomotive system, and a corresponding 
relative decrease in the vital preponderance. 

2. Cultivate the mental system by a close applica- 
tion to some business requiring the exercise of the 
intellectual powers ; systematic study of some kind, 
particularly in the domain of science ; reading, reflec- 
tion, and intercourse with cultivated people — full 
activity for mind and body being the aim. 

3. Regulate the diet so as to feed the muscular 
and nervous systems, rather than to stimulate the 
vital processes. For suggestions on the selection of 
foods for this purpose see Chapter IV., Section II. 

As an auxiliary, the sedative action of water, judi- 
ciously applied, and of the Turkish bath, should be 
resorted to when practicable. Above all must the 
stimulation of high-seasoned foods, strong condi- 
ments, tea, coffee, and alcoholic liquors be avoided. 

III. — Predispositions of the Mental Temper- 
ament (Fig. 78). 

Persons in whom the Mental Temperament is 
strongly developed are frequently more thin and 
pale than is consistent with our notions of perfect 
health ; but these individuals, other things being 
equal, are less frequently ill, and are longer-lived 
than the plump, ruddy, full-blooded subjects of the 
Vital Temperament ; from which fact, however, the 
true inference is not that emaciation and pallor are 



172 



The Temperaments. 



signs of a better physical condition than that indi- 
cated by the opposite qualities in contour and color, 
but that they are not, in persons of the Mental Tem- 
perament, symptoms of absolute ill-health. They 
are simply indicative of a too great activity of the 
brain relatively to the vigor of the vital system — a 
condition by no means desirable, but, at the same 
time, less rather than more subversive of health than 
excessive vital action. A balance between these 
forces constitutes the golden mean of the highest 
health and the greatest mental power. 

The diseases to which persons of the Mental Tem- 
perament are predisposed are those of a nervous and 
spasmodic character, manifesting themselves in many 
forms, but especially in headache, neuralgia, sleep- 
lessness, indigestion, palpitations of the heart, and 
tremors. Insanity and other mental affections are 
also among the dangers to which excessive mental 
action, not sufficiently sustained by vital stamina, 
may lead. 

As these ailments are mainly due to physical weak- 
ness, consequent upon the undue exhaustion of the 
vital powers through a too great activity of the 
brain, the obvious remedial and preventive measures 
must lie in restoring the balance between supply and 
demand in these particulars. There must be — 

1. A decrease of expenditure in the vital economy, 
to be effected by allowing the mind more rest and 
recreation — by running the mental machinery more 
slowly, and fewer hours per day. 

2. An increase of the vital element through a nu- 
tritious diet, rest, sleep, and recreation. The dis- 



Temperament in Health and Disease. 173 

position to neglect the wants of the body, while 
ministering to the demands of the mental appetite ; 
the constant application to study, the subjection of 
the whole being to overmastering thought, must be 
overcome, and a regimen adopted which shall give 
the nutritive system its proper influence in the or- 
ganization. Tea, coffee, tobacco, late hours, and all 
'dnds of dissipation must be entirely avoided. The 
diet should not only be nutritious, but easy of diges- 
tion, and the exercise taken must be suited to the 
strength, and of a character to divert the mind 
while strengthening the body. In a word, the vital 
or nutritive system must be cultivated, and the men- 
tal system be restrained. 

IV. — General Hygienic Considerations. 

There are certain general hygienic considerations 
which will apply, in the main, to all varieties of con- 
stitution, and may appropriately be added here to 
the brief hints given for each specifically. Health is 
the natural condition in each Temperament, and 
disease the abnormal state ; so that we have but to 
follow Nature's laws in each case to attain and retain 
physical integrity and functional harmony. 

Health depends upon the existence of certain con- 
ditions clearly indicated in our physical and mental 
constitution, such as — 

1. A sound physical organization; 

2. A vigorous, well-balanced mind ; 

3. A constant and adequate supply, and the right 
use of all the elements essential to the sustenance 
of the body. 



1 74 The Temperaments. 



If the first two of these conditions are not ours by 
inheritance, we can only measurably supply the lack 
by judicious cultivation, the means for doing which 
are detailed in works devoted to physiology, hygiene, 
gymnastics, and mental science. Coming, then, to 
the third specification, we may particularize as ele- 
ments essential to the sustenance and health of the 
body — air, sunlight, food, drink, physical exercise, 
rest, sleep, cleanliness, mental activity, and harmoni- 
ous social relations. 

(i). Air is the first and last demand of our lives. 
We must have it, sleeping or waking, every day and 
hour from birth to death ; and to be healthy we must 
have pure air. Out of doors we can generally get 
this, but in close rooms the case is entirely different. 
" A single person will deprive from one to two hogs- 
heads of air of its blood-purifying qualities, and 
saturate it with poisonous gases in a single hour. In 
the light of this fact, consider what must be the 
effects of the in-door life of our people, and especially 
of our women. Think of our crowded work-rooms; 
of family gatherings around the sitting-room stove ; 
of evening parties in unventilated parlors, where the 
lights which make everything so brilliant rapidly 
hasten the deteriorating process which respiration 
has commenced ; and of two or more persons sleep- 
ing all night in a close seven-by-nine bedroom. 
1 Close bedrooms,' Dr. Hall says, 1 make the graves 
of thousands.' The occasional opening of doors 
gives us now and then a breath of fresh air in the 
rooms occupied during the day ; but even this is de- 
nied us in our sleeping apartments." Everything, 



Temperament in Health and Disease. 175 

then, which vitiates the air should carefully be ex- 
cluded from our rooms, and especially our bedrooms, 
and the outdoor air admitted as freely as circum- 
stances will admit ; and we should spend as much of 
our time out of doors as possible, taking exercise 
calculated to expand the lungs and maintain (and in- 
crease, if necessary) our breathing power. 

(2) . Solar light, although generally left almost en- 
tirely out of the account by many physiological and 
hygienic writers, has a great and striking effect upon 
the human physical system. Without it, in fact, 
nothing like perfect bodily development, health, or 
beauty can possibly exist. It is well known that 
plants growing in the shade or in darkness are always 
slender, weak, and pale. Deprivation of light has a 
similar effect upon man, as shown by persons confined 
in dungeons, mines, and dark habitations. Women 
who avoid the sunlight and darken their parlors and 
sitting-rooms, through fear of spoiling their com- 
plexions, invite thereby the very evil they desire to 
avoid. 

(3) . The subject of food is perhaps the most im- 
portant one in the whole range of hygienic inquiry, 
and much too extensive for proper treatment here. 
All we can hope to do is to give a few hints which 
will at least put the reader in the way to look into 
the matter further for himself. 

A writer whom we find quoted in a work on phys- 
ical culture, now before us, and who has given some 
excellent hints toward a system of dietetics founded 
on the firm basis of science, lays down the broad 
principle that " the body itself is the rule of its food — 



176 



The Temperaments. 



that is, as is the chemical nature of the body at large, 
such must be the chemical nature of the entire mass 
of aliments taken ; and as is the nature of each par- 
ticular structure to which we would secure nutriment 
and efficiency, such must be the nature of the par- 
ticular aliment employed to that end ; but this law 
is modified by another equally imperative one, 
namely : that exercise is the rule of food — that is, the 
food we eat should contain as nearly as possible the 
several elements in the same proportion as their 
expenditure occurs in the individual system of the 
consumer, owing to his particular mental and physical 
activities." In other words, if a man exercise his 
muscles largely, he should consume largely of muscle- 
forming aliment ; and if he work his brain continu- 
ally, he must satisfy the cravings of the system with 
brain-food. 

(a). The plastic, cell-forming, or nutritive aliments 
are albumen and the substances usually grouped with 
it — gluten, casein, and the substance of muscle-fiber, 
nerve-tube, and cell-membrane ; the calorific or respi- 
ratory foods are sugar, starch, and the oils or fats ; 
the acids are cooling, purifying, and blood-perfecting 
in their action ; water is indispensable, both as vehicle 
and material to digestion, absorption, assimilation, cir- 
culation, nutrition, secretion, and excretion, muscular 
and brain-action ; the inorganic elements other than 
water, sometimes called nutritive minerals, have vari- 
ous uses. 

(8). Among the alimentary compounds particularly 
fitted to produce muscle are wheat-meal, corn-meal, 
beans, cabbages, carrots, and the flesh of quadrupeds ; 



Temperament in Health and Disease. 177 

while eggs, nuts, cream (milk), fish, and the flesh of 
poultry are specially adapted to nourish the brain. 
" Oatmeal and milk seem to belong to both classes 
of aliments; and rice, potatoes, fruits, and a large 
list of foods may be styled indifferent, as specially 
favoring neither development. 

(c) . "The diet of no two persons should be, in 
reality, exactly alike, since their constitutions, states 
of health, avocations, and forms and amounts of 
physical expenditure are necessarily different. 

(d) . " Insufficient variety in food is as great an evil 
as insufficiency in the quantity of food, and an evil 
of the same kind ; because it necessarily withholds 
from the system a due supply of some one or more 
essential forms of aliment. A moderate variety is 
desirable at every meal ; a greater, from day to day. 

(e) . "That diet is most perfect for each individual 
which furnishes to each the various forms of sub- 
stance necessary to make up his fluids and solid tis- 
sues, and in the same proportion as they exist and 
are daily expended in his particular constitution and 
mode of life. 

(/). " Muscle and nerve both necessitate albumi- 
nous food ; the former, in connection with the finer 
or phosphorized fatty substances ; the latter, with 
the grosser fats and the phosphate and carbonate of 
lime. 

(g). " Excess in food is not to be defined by any 
particular quantity. It exists only when there is a 
surplus over healthful expenditure ; and by this rule 
one adult system may require more than twice the 
amount of food demanded by another. 
8* 



£/8 The Temperaments. 



(h). " Both vegetable and animal foods have their 
uses ; the former favor and support more especially 
the organic development and processes, such as nu- 
trition and secretion ; the latter, the animal or active 
functions, such as locomotion, will-power, and intel- 
lectual action. 

(/). " No imperfect vegetable or animal production, 
as those that are dwarfed, or sickly, or immature, or 
undergoing decay, can furnish materials for complete 
human alimentation. 

(j). " Some foods constitute necessary compensat- 
ing adjuncts to others and should be used with them. 
Thus rice, corn, or potatoes require the addition of 
wheat-meal bread, or flesh, or milk and eggs, to sup- 
ply the albuminous and mineral elements which they 
possess in a less degree. So beans, peas, cabbage, 
cauliflower, asparagus, etc., lack the oleaginous ele- 
ment and this should be added in the cooking. 

(k). " A larger proportion of fatty or heat-produc- 
ing food is required in winter than in summer, and 
in northern than in southern climates." 

(4) . For a universal drink, we can safely recom- 
mend water ; and we suppose there will be few to 
call our recommendation in question, though there 
have been theorists who have contended that man is 
not naturally a drinking animal. 

(5) . In connection with what is received into the 
system, in the form of food and drink, the excretions, 
or what passes off by the natural outlets of the body, 
should be considered. These are the worn-out ma- 
terials of :he system, and those parts of the food 
which, although perhaps of the greatest use, are not 



Temperament in Health and Disease. 179 

assimilable. Retained in the system, they poison its 
fluids and ultimately destroy its tissues. The com- 
plete and regular performance of the excretory func- 
tions is therefore of the utmost importance. A 
stoppage of the bowels or of the pores of the skin 
can not exist for a single day without positive injury 
to the health. A too great relaxation, on the other 
hand, is equally to be avoided. 

A properly regulated diet will generally insure 
regularity and efficiency in the action of the bowels. 
Among the foods of a constipating tendency are 
bread and cakes from fine wheaten flour, rice, beans, 
flesh meats, eggs, and tea. Bread from wheaten 
meal or unbolted flour, rye, or corn ; fruits, raw and 
cooked ; and generally substances abounding in lig- 
neous matter, are laxative in their tendency. 

Should costiveness or diarrhoea occur, the cause 
should be ascertained at once and removed. This 
will generally suffice to restore healthy action ; if not, 
resort to injections of pure water, which seldom or 
never fail, avoiding purgative medicines, which have 
a tendency to increase, in the end, the very difficulty 
they are intended to remedy. 

(6). The necessity of bodily exercise has been in- 
sisted upon in previous chapters. The amount re- 
quired varies with age, sex, and Temperament ; but 
no person can enjoy vigorous health, or acquire or 
retain any high degree of personal beauty, without 
more or less active bodily exertion. The women of 
our country are suffering incalculably for want of 
the proper exercise of their muscles. Exercise in 
the open air should be an every-day duty and an 



l8o The Temperaments. 



every-day pleasure, with every man, woman, and 
child. 

(7) . If exercise is essential to human well-being, 
repose is not less so. The one is the complement of 
the other. Without exercise, repose would have no 
meaning and no use; and without repose, exercise 
would soon wear out and destroy the body. Nothing 
can be more essential to continued health and phys- 
ical well-being than regular habits in regard to sleep. 
The amount required varies with different persons 
and circumstances, but there must be no attempt to 
cheat Nature, by allowing too little. 

(8) . " Dirt upon the skin," Wilkinson says, " is not 
merely dirt, but dirty feeling ; and the latter is no 
sooner set up than it travels soulward ; " while clean- 
liness " places a cordon of pure life around our bodies, 
as a troop of angels around the bed, and before the 
path of the faithful." If one would be healthy he 
must keep the millions of pores which permeate the 
skin constantly open, which means that he must keep 
clean. As a general rule, the whole body should be 
washed all over every day in summer, and at least once 
a week in winter. Tepid water — say from 8o° to 
92 — or that which feels slightly cool, but not cold 
to the body, is best for general use. The cold bath 
is a powerful stimulus, and, like other stimuli, must 
be used in moderation and with good judgment. 
The skin as well as the stomach may be stimulated 
too much. 

(9) . Mental activity has already been shown to be 
almost as essential to health as bodily exercise ; but 
to act is not enough. We must also enjoy. " Sor- 



Temperament in Health and Disease. 181 

row," Melancthon says, " strikes the heart, and makes 
it flutter and pine away with great pain." And if 
one merely feels " stupid," or is " out of humor," or 
has the " blues," he is already half sick, and likely 
soon to be wholly so. The cheerful man digests his 
food properly ; his blood circulates freely, and his 
system is duly nourished ; but depress his mind with 
sorrow or care, and all his functions are obstructed 
and he grows lean and pale. 

(10). Finally, the affections must also find their 
satisfaction in our lives. Unsatisfied longing for love, 
for the joys of maternity, or for the companionship 
of kindred and friends, depress the vital energies, 
wither the roses and lilies of the cheek, and dim the 
light of the eye. Unhappy marriages, and family dis- 
cords in general, bring with them physical derange- 
ment as well as mental suffering. The whole man 
must be in harmony with itself and with all surround- 
ing circumstances, or perfect health can not be en- 
joyed.* 



* Hints Toward Physical Perfection. 



XIV. 



TEMtERAMENT IN RACES AND NATIONS. 

Temperament has been studied and written upon 
mainly with reference to the Caucasian race, and to 
that race alone will our remarks in the preceding 
pages apply in full, though the general principles on 
which all temperamental distinctions are based are, of 
course, universal. The same anatomical structure, in 
its general features at least, is common to all races. 
The bony framework with its ligaments, muscles, 
and tendons, furnishes in all the basis for a Motive 
Temperament ; the nutritive apparatus, with its 
wonderfully constructed organs of digestion, secre- 
tion, and circulation, everywhere gives us the vital 
element of the constitution ; and in no tribe of men, 
however low in the scale of intelligence, is the brain 
and nervous system wholly lacking ; but when we come 
to the details of configuration, complexion, texture, 
and functional action, we find our descriptions, made 
for the white races, are applicable only in part to the 
others. A Negro may have the Vital Temperament, 
even in its sanguine form, but the florid complexion, 
light hair, blue eyes, and some other characteristics 
of that constitution, as found in the Caucasian, are 
lacking ; so the American Indian is copper-colored 
and the Mongolian tawny, whether their Temperament 
be Bilious or not. It is plain, then, that our descrip- 
(182) 



Temperament in Races and Nations. 183 

tions must be remodeled to adapt them to the dark 
races. 

We approach this part of our subject with diffi- 
dence, confessing, in the outset, that our knowledge 
of the constitutional characteristics of some of the 
races and sub-races, into which the genus homo has 
been divided, are merely general, and imperfect at 
that, so as to preclude the close analysis we have ap- 
plied to the organization of our own race. We offer 
the following remarks, therefore, so far as they relate 
to the dark races particularly, rather as hints toward 
a correct temperamental description, than as state- 
ments of facts, in all cases absolutely demonstrated. 
If not always correct in our conclusions, we trust that 
even our errors will lead, through the investigation 
they may incite, to the final establishment of the 
truth. 

I.— The Races Classified. 
There are numerous classifications of the human 
races, each writer on ethnology apparently invent- 
ing one to suit his peculiar theory or method of treat- 
ment. We can not here stop to discuss either the 
theories or the nomenclature of these writers, but 
shall adopt, as well enough suited to our purpose, and 
more generally known than most others, the class- 
ification of Blumenbach, in which are recognized five 
races, as follows : 

1. The Caucasian Race 

2. The Mongolian Race ; 

3. The Malayan Race ; 

4. The American Race ; and 

5. The Ethiopian Race. 



The Te)/iperaments. 



Of these five races, or groups of races, if the readei 
choose so to consider them, we now propose to take 
a general view from the stand-point of tempera- 
mental physiology. 

II. — Temperament in the Caucasian Race. 

In this branch of the human family, as we have 
seen in the preceding chapters, all the Temperaments 
are fully represented — the Sanguine, the Bilious, the 
Lymphatic, the Nervous ; or the Vital, the Motive, 
and the Mental — and all have well-understood char- 
acteristics and modes of manifestation. The tend- 
ency among the more advanced nations, families, and 
individuals of the race, however, is evidently toward 
a preponderance of the Mental system — in other 
words, the Mental Temperament is its typical consti- 
tutional condition ; and this seems to have been the 
case from the earliest periods of which history or tra- 
dition gives any account. 

I. The Ancie?it Greeks. — The Mental Temperament 
is evident enough in the works as well as in the por- 
traits of the Hellenic peoples, notwithstanding the 
prominence given to bone and muscle in their sedu- 
lous culture of the physical system. Their supremacy 
in the arts and in literature was due to the fine- 
grained, complexly convoluted, and massive brains, 
which filled and molded their smooth, round, sym- 
metrical craniums. A high quality of organization, 
and a clear, sharp, active intellect, strong alike in per- 
ception and in reflection, made the Greek what he 
was as artist, poet, orator, and philosopher. The 
Mental Temperament in him seems to have lacked, 



Temperament in Races and Nations. 185 



however, in some degree, the 'high coronal develop- 
ment generally associated with it in more modern times. 
His strong impulses were but imperfectly controlled 
by moral sentiment, and his intellectual gifts seldom 
sanctified by any lofty spiritual purpose. 

2. The Ancient Roman (Fig. 79). — The Roman cra- 
nium was as unlike the Greek as the art, literature, 
and history of Rome is unlike that of Greece. It was 
equally massive, but less symmetrical, coarser-grained, 
and more angular. It showed, as the apex of its de- 
velopment, very large Firmness, the lines sloping from 
that point ; the forehead was massive, but broad rather 
than high ; the Perceptive Faculties were well-devel- 
oped and vigorous, especially those giving accurate 
observation and practical ability ; the reasoning powers 
were good ; and the moral sentiments very unevenly 
developed, Conscientiousness largely predominating 
over Benevolence, and Self-esteem over Spirituality. 
The head had great lateral expansion at the base, 
giving ample room for the propelling or executive 
organs. 

With such a head the Temperament of the ancient 
Roman, it will be seen, must necessarily have had a 
strong physical basis in the locomotive system. That 
this was the fact, Roman history completely demon- 
strates. The Roman Temperament was the Motive 
or Bilious (or more definitely, Bilious-Motive), the 
Mental, of course, gaining the ascendency in numerous 
cases among the leading men of the higher classes, 
but being always invigorated, intensified, and made 
terribly effective by the dense underlying stratum of 
the bilious-muscular constitution; and this organiza- 



v. 



1 86 



The Temperaments. 



tion furnishes the key to Roman character and his- 
tory. A late ethnological writer, speaking of the 
cause of Roman supremacy, says : 

" The Roman organization, like the Roman mind, 
was powerful rather than harmonious, and more dis- 
tinguished by vigor than refinement The 

Temperament was intensely fibrous, and must have 
effectually re-invigorated the tendencies arising from 
organization. Indeed, the stern endurance, unswerv- 
ing fixity of purpose, and dauntless moral courage of 
the ancient Roman were due almost as much to the 
former as the latter. He was a man of iron mold, 
both in body and mind, and in the path of duty unsus- 
ceptible of the softer emotions and inaccessible to 
the gentler feelings. Patriotism was his master pas- 
sion, and obedience to the law his highest virtue. He 
preferred precedent to principle, and was governed 
by authority rather than reason. And how accurately 
is all this mirrored in those high, proud, angular feat- 
ures, constituting that stern, expressive, and com- 
manding countenance ! And how forcibly is it indi- 
cated to the ethnological and physiological eye, in 
that compact and muscular frame, with the broad and 
powerful chest, surmounted by a head and neck so 
eminently indicative of energy and self-reliance — of 
the power that marches slowly, but invincibly, to its 
purpose, that accomplishes its most important objects 
with the greatest deliberation, and is not in haste even 
for the conquest of a world ! " 

Our likeness of Julius Caesar (Fig. 79), from a copy 
of a very ancient drawing, while showing a large head 
and an undoubted predominance of the Mental sys- 




PLATE XXXVII. 



Temperament in Races and Nations. 187 

tern, shows with equal plainness the indications of the 
tough, hard, fibrous physical constitution on which 
his intellectual power rested — in other words, it rep- 
resents the Mental-Motive Temperament. 

3. The Semite or Syro-Arabian. — The Semitic 
sub-race comprises the Arabians, the Assyrians, the 
Chaldeans, the Hebrews, and cognate tribes, among 
whom the same form of skull prevails, and whose 
temperamental characteristics are similar. 

The head in these tribes is smaller than in the 
European nations, and less developed in the region 
of the Reflective Faculties, giving the forehead a re- 
treating aspect ; but it is remarkable for its grandly 
elevated coronal arch, indicating great development 
in the central line of the top-head. The base of the 
brain is rather broad, being particularly full in the 
region of Acquisitiveness ; but the dominating in- 
fluence lies in the spiritual part of the brain ; and 
the Semite, whether Arab, Syrian, or Jew, is essen- 
tially a religious enthusiast — as some one has aptly 
said : " His first and strongest impulse is to worship 
and propagate his faith ; the second, to trade." 

In Temperament there is considerable variety, 
but in nearly all cases there is a strong development 
of the Bilious element, associated often, especially 
among the Jews, with a predominance of the Vital 
instead of the Motive constitution (the Bilious- Vital 
Temperament). The Mental element is always in- 
fluential, especially in its intuitive manifestations. 

" Arabs in the desert, Chaldeans on the Euphrates, 
Syrians at Damascus, Phoenicians at Tyre, Israelites 
at Jerusalem, Saracens at Bagdad, and, we may add, 



1 88 1 ':£>Kper.i»i£r.ts. 

Moors at Cordeva. the Semitic tribes, though . ; 
and unsubduable by the softening influences of 
civilization in the remoter fastnesses of their native 
habitat, have, nevertheless, shown considerable apti- 
tude both for literature and science, when subjected 
to culture at the great urban centers of intellectual 
activity and refinement. Everywhere merchants, and 
always religious enthusiasts, they have also occa- 
sionally approved themselves as scholars and philos- 
ophers, physical and metaphysical, of no mean order. 
More robust, but .ess subtile in their mental consti- 
tution than the Hindoos — more prone to emo ion 
and .ess qualified for speculation — active, enterpris- 
ing, energetic, chivalrous, and devout, they furnish a 
providential link between the dreamily meditative 
theosophy ;f toe farther East, and the almost rude 
practicality of the extreme West." 

4. Tk--: H:kSs: Fig. 5: . — The true high-caste 
Hindoo has a comparatively small, but symmetrically 
formed cranium of a foe texture, a delicate and re- 
fined physical organization, well-chiseled features, 
and a gentle, reflective, reverential aspect. His 
Temperament if decidedly Mental. 

The Hindoo head is high, but narrow at the base, 
indicating the predominance of the moral and im- 
aginative elements over the propensities, and a lack 
of courage and force of character. Veneration is 
strongly developed and active ; hence his whole life 
is a series of religious acts, and persons and places, 
as well as the gods themselves, are objects of his 
reverence. He is the product of a long-existent, 
but decadent civilization, and bears the marks of its 




FIG. 8l. — THE GERMAN. JOSEPH FRANCOIS GALL, M.D. 




FIG. 82. — THE SCANDINAVIAN. JOHN ERICSSON. 

PLATF XXXVIII 



Temperament in Races and Nations. 189 

culture, but suffers from the decrepitude consequent 
upon its exhaustion. 

Such men as the fierce Nena Sahib, nominally 
Hindoos, have other blood in their veins, and broader 
bases to their skulls. 

5. The German (Fig. 81). — The German of the 
present day is the best representative we have of the 
Teutonic branch of the great Caucasian race, which 
embraces also the Norwegian, the Swede, the Dane, 
the Anglo-Saxon, and the Anglo-American. 

The Temperament of the German has always for 
the physical basis of its powerful mentality a strong 
substratum of the Sanguine-Vital element, with a 
sufficient development of the Motive or muscular 
constitution to give firmness, stability, and persist- 
ence to the character — in other words, there is a 
good balance of organization. 

Professor Morton found the mean internal capacity 
of fifteen German skulls, measured by him, to be nine- 
ty-five cubic inches. The regions of the Reflective Fac- 
ulties and of the Moral Sentiments are particularly well 
marked ; the Perceptive Faculties, except Time and 
Tune, are less prominent. Ideality, Constructiveness, 
Alimentiveness, Acquisitiveness, Secretiveness, and 
Self-esteem are generally conspicuously large. 

The German is, by nature, an inventor, an investi- 
gator, an experimenter, a thinker. Slow, but indus- 
trious, patient, and persevering; no mental task is 
too formidable for him to undertake ; no problem so 
profound that he dare not seek to solve it ; but while 
he discovers many new truths, he often leaves it for 
others to make a practical application of them. 



190 The Temperaments. 



6. The Scandinavian (Fig. 82). — The Danes, Swedes, 
and Norwegians comprise the principal branches of 
the Scandinavian family, which seems to form the 
culminating point of the old Gothic race — the tall, 
muscular, blue-eyed, fair-haired people of Northern 
and Western Europe. Each has its national peculiari- 
ties, but all bear a strong family resemblance. 

The Scandinavian, and notably the Norwegian, 
furnishes an admirable illustration of what we have 
elsewhere (Chapters IV. and VI.) described as the 
xanthous or Sanguine variety of the Motive Tem- 
perament, in which the blue eyes, light hair, and 
florid complexion which we are accustomed to asso- 
ciate with the Vital Temperament, and which cer- 
tainly indicate the sanguine element, strongly de- 
veloped, are conjoined with the large bones, strong 
articulations, dense, wiry muscles, angular configura- 
tion, and prominent features, which characterize the 
muscular or Motive constitution. The mental char- 
acteristics are those of the Motive Temperament, 
somewhat modified by the more impressible and 
flexible sanguine element infused. 

Compared with the German, the Scandinavian is 
more active in body and mind, and more practical in 
his tendencies. " His frame is larger and taller, his 
muscles more dense, his features more prominent, 
his perceptive faculties more fully developed, and his 
Causality less prominent, though by no means de- 
ficient. He has quite as high a top-head as the Ger- 
man, and his grand mythology indicates the mystic 
sublimity of his ideas ; and with all his practicality 
he has given us Swedenborg, the greatest and purest 



83.— JOHN BRIGHT. 
ENGLISHMAN. 

PLATE XXXIX. 



Temperament in Races and Nations. 191 



as well as the most learned and scientific of all the 
mystics. In war, Scandinavia boasts her Charles 
XII. ; in natural science, her Linnaeus ; in song, her 
Jenny Lind ; and in literature, her Frederica Bremer. 
To us she has given her Ericsson, with his caloric 
engine and his Monitor, who may fitly represent the 
practical phase of Scandinavian character." 

7. The Englishman (Fig. 83). — The Anglo-Saxon 
of England is a modified Teuton, the product of a 
very complete amalgamation of several ethnic ele- 
ments, among which the Gothic predominates. His 
cranium is large ; well-developed in the region of the 
reflective faculties; broad over the ear (Executive- 
ness) ; prominent at Cautiousness and Self-esteem, and 
not lacking in the perceptive organs. The Tempera- 
ment, whatever may be superinduced, has always an 
ample physical basis in a well-developed vital sys- 
tem — in fact, the Vital Temperament is the national 
one, the exceptions being a Mental predominance, 
the result of high culture and the external conditions 
of advanced civilization, or a Lymphatic degenera- 
tion, caused by a moist climate and bodily habits un- 
favorable to health. 

Mentally, the Englishman is ambitious, energetic, 
aggressive, acquisitive, combative, proud, self-suffi- 
cient, domineering, firm, cautious, affectionate, and 
benevolent. His heart is warm and his feelings 
tender, though his manners and speech may at times 
be rough. He is more noted for common sense than 
for metaphysical acuteness, imagination, or senti- 
mentality. 

8. The Anglo-American (Fig. 84). — Americans of 



The Temperaments. 



the United States have hardly had time to develop 
a national type of cranium or a national Tempera- 
ment. The basis on which we are to raise the 
superstructure of a distinctive national organization 
and character, however, is Anglo-Saxon, or English. 
Climate and other external conditions, together with 
the admixture of Celtic blood, have already greatly 
modified our skulls, our physiognomy, and our Tem- 
perament. If not distinctively national in constitu- 
tion, we certainly are not English. Our heads are 
longer, our facial bones narrower, our features more 
prominent, our muscles more dense and wiry. The 
Englishman is sanguine, the American nervous-bil- 
ious ; the vital or nutritive system predominates in 
the former, the locomotive (muscular and osseous) in 
the latter. The English have more Self-esteem than 
Approbativeness ; with us it is the reverse. They 
have more V eneration, we more Benevolence. We 
are more active, intuitive, and generous ; the English 
more considerate, prudent, and reserved. 

What the American of the future shall be, those 
who live generations hence will know. We can only 
conjecture that the modifications now observable, as 
gradually going on in our physical and mental organ- 
ization, will be carried still further, and that the final 
result will be that perfect adaptation in physical 
constitution, conformation, complexion, and mental 
character to the American climate, which will insure 
the highest health and the greatest longevity, as well 
as a fixed national or American type. 

9. The Scotchman. — The Scotsman of the Low- 
lands is of a mixed Celto-Saxon lineage, and his 



•THE AMERICAN. SAMUEL R. WELLS. 



PLATE XL 



Temperament in Races and Nations. 



193 



cranium, configuration of body, cast of features, Tem- 
perament, and character differ widely from those of 
his English neighbors. His head is longer than the 
English type, and proportionally narrower anteriorly. 
It is full, however, at the base, in the region of Cau- 
tiousness, Combativeness, Acquisitiveness, and Secre- 
tiveness. The Moral Sentiments generally are well- 
developed, as are Causality, Comparison, and the 
Perceptive Faculties. Ideality and Imitation are de- 
ficient. The Temperament is Motive, with the San- 
guine infusion, as in the case of the Scandinavian, or 
in the educated classes Mental-Motive ; the complex- 
ion being light, the eyes blue or gray, and the hair 
light-brown, sandy, or red. The stature is generally 
above the medium, the frame strong and sinewy, 
and the features rather prominent, but sharply cut. 

As a result of this organization, the Lowland Scot 
is profoundly discriminating in abstract philosophical 
inquiries, accurate in practical science, a close ob- 
server, shrewd in business, cautious, secretive, eco- 
nomical, persevering, set in his way, quick to resist, 
fond of controversy, religious, and steadfast. He 
lacks imagination, and has little taste for poetry and 
the fine arts. 

The Highlanders of the better class are Gothic in 
their characteristics, resembling the Norwegians, from 
whom they are descended, in Temperament and con- 
figuration, while the common people are mainly 
Celtic, and have the Motive Temperament of the 
dark or bilious type. 

Unlike the Lowlander, the Highland Scot of the 
higher class is ardent, impulsive, sensitive, urbane, 
9 



194 The Temperaments. 



generous, open, vivacious, passionate, and imag- 
inative. 

10. The Irishman. — In the northern part of Ire- 
land many of the people closely resemble those of 
Scotland, and are doubtless of Gothic origin, but the 
nation is, in the main, Celtic, and has the combina- 
tion of temperamental elements, found occasionally 
in all Caucasian races, in which a strong infusion of 
the bilious element co-exists with a predominance of 
the Vital system, and many peculiarities of the San- 
guine constitution. The typical Irishman is well- 
made, broad-chested, and strong-limbed ; less rounded 
in his contours than the Englishman, but more tense, 
wiry, and tough. His features are rather strongly 
marked and prominent, his hair dark, and his eyes 
black, brown, or gray. He is impulsive, enthusiastic 
ardent, social, sympathetic, full of feeling, kind- 
hearted, lively, and witty. He is a natural orator, 
and excels in lyric poetry. He is intensely patriotic, 
full of schemes for the deliverance of his country, 
but wanting in wise forethought, caution, and prac- 
tical common sense. Fond of jovial companionship 
and stimulating beverages, he is liable to be led by 
his appetites into various excesses, ruinous alike to 
body and mind. 

11. The Frenchman (Fig. 85). — The French head, 
which may be considered as best representing the 
civilized Celt of the present day, is thus described by 
Dr. Vimont, himself a Frenchman: 

"The French head is smaller than the German. 
The region of the perceptive faculties, as a whole, is 
larger and that of the reflectives smaller in the French 




FTG. 85. — THE FRENCHMAN. [EAN L. E. MES30NIER. 




FIG. 86. — THE ITALIAN. MAZZINI. 

PLATE XLI 



Temperament in Races and Nations. 195 

than in the German head. The organs of Time, Tune, 
and Number, however, are larger in the German head. 
The French are generally deficient in the organ of 
Cautiousness. Individuality and Form are generally 
large, as are also those of Comparison, Wit, Wonder, 
Sublimity, and Poetry {Talent Poetique, according to 
Gall, whom Vimont here follows]. Constructiveness, 
Imitation, and Sense of the Beautiful [Ideality] are 
large, especially the last two. Love of Approbation 
is generally predominant, while Self-esteem and Firm- 
ness are moderate or small. Veneration is deficient, 
but Benevolence is well developed." 

He might have added that Amativeness, Combat- 
iveness, Secretiveness, and Language are generally 
particularly well developed, and that the Moral Senti- 
ments as a group are rather deficient, and have too 
little influence on the French character. 

In Temperament, the Frenchman, like all other 
true Celts, has the bilious element as the basis, but in 
the cultivated classes the mental system predominates, 
with an infusion of the sanguine sufficient to give 
vivacity, versatility, brilliant cleverness, and love of 
novelty and change. He displays all the energy and 
directness of the Motive Temperament, but fails to 
illustrate its steadfastness and persistence. He is 
tasteful in dress ; a model of politeness ; lively and 
witty in conversation ; a good actor, and a dashing, 
fearless soldier. In intellect he is clear, acute, vigor- 
ous, and discriminating, but not profound ; subtle, 
ingenious, and penetrating, but not so original or in- 
ventive ; socially, he is friendly and loving, but often 
inconstant in his affections. As a writer, he is ani- 



io6 



The ' Temperaments, 



mated, facile, dramatic ; rich in all the ornaments of 
style, in verbal niceties and in apt illustrations, but 



often verbose an i tedious. 

12. The Italian (Fig. 86). — The great diversity of 
race in I:aly rer derf :: imp : ssirie : : give any descrip- 
tion which will apply to the nation as a whole. Gothic 
in Lrmbardy. Piedmor.:. Parma. Modena, Bologna, 



and Romagna; Etruscan in Tuscany; Liguorian in 
Genoa : Greek in Naples : semi-Moorish in Sicily and 
Sardinia, where shall we find the typical Italian ? We 
may say in general terms, that the higher classes of 
Iraly furnish us "i:h s:me :f :he hues: examples :f 
:he Merual Temperament :: he fraud anywhere. In- 
heriting the results of many centuries of civilization, 
they have all the delicacy and refinement that a fine- 
grained physical organization can give, and all the ar- 
tistic :as:e and love of beauty which comes through 
generations of culture; and these classes have given 
us the great men who have made Italy illustrious — 
Michael Angelo, Raphael, Dante, Petrarch, Tasso, 
Galileo, Columbus, Cavour, and Mazzini — to say noth- 
ing of Napoleon, a Corsican by birth, an Italian by 
descent, and Gre::-R:mar by hired. 

13. The Spaniard (Fig. 87). — The Spaniard — a 
Celt-Iberian, with infusions of Phoenician, Greek, 
Reman. 3:thi:. Jewish, and Moorish blood — is 




)- stout, well-formed, 
lar, and hardy, with a 



cranium broader than that of the Frenchman, and 
higher in the crown; a rounder face, less promine r: 
features, a swarthy complexion, black hair, and black 
or brown eyes, indicating what may be called, unda 




FIG. 87. — THE bPANlARD. CORTEZ. 




FIG. 88.— THE SCLAV AN. ALEXANDER ALEXANDRO VITCH. 



PLATE XLII 



Temperament in Races and Nations. 



197 



the old classification, the Sanguine-Bilious Tem- 
perament ; or, as we have suggested elsewhere, the 
Bilious- Vital — the bilious element being very in- 
fluential, and showing itself very prominently in the 
character, which is firm, self-reliant, proud, grave, 
courteous, affable, brave, devotional, passionate, se- 
cretive, politic, persistent, fanatical, Cxuel, revengeful, 
and relentless.* 

14. The Sclavon (Fig. 88). — It is estimated that 
nearly eighty millions of human beings are linked to- 
gether under this racial name, and throughout the 
whole mass there is a strong sentiment of race and 
a disposition among all the tribes into which it is 
divided to make a common cause with each other 
against any foe from without. 

We will take the Russian proper — the Muscovite — 
as a type of the Sclavonic race, and as probably the 
future master of the destinies of Europe. 

The Temperament of the Russian is Vital, or in 
the higher classes, Mental- Vital, with the muscular 
or Motive element sufficiently influential to give 
great toughness and endurance to the physical sys- 
tem and remarkable steadiness, self-poise, and per- 
sistence to the mental character. His most striking 
physical characteristic is breadth. He is broad- 
headed, broad-shouldered, broad-chested, thick-set, 
short-limbed, and muscular, and his respiration, cir- 



* De La Sarthe, speaking of the Temperament of the Span- 
iard, says : " Constitution bileuse ; demarche arrogant ; physiog- 
nomic vaniteuse et suffisante ; esprit cauteleux, difficile ; caracterc 
orgueilleux et vindictif." 



198 The Temperaments. 



culation, and digestion are all equally good. The 
complexion of the true Russian is light, and his eyes 
blue, but in the South, a mixture of Servian blood, 
climatic influences, etc., give him a darker hue. 

Mentally the Russian has all the solidity, sound- 
ness, comprehensiveness, and vigor which his organ- 
ization would lead us to expect. " The heavy basilar 
region betokens the immense animal power and ex- 
ecutiveness which underlie an intellect of no mean 
order, and, in the higher classes, a full development 
of the moral sentiments. He has not yet developed 
any great originality, but he is an apt scholar, and 
not ashamed to take lessons even of his enemies. 
He will yet teach in his turn. He is naturally in- 
clined to peace, and to the peaceful pursuit of agri- 
culture ; but when called upon to do it, fights with 
cool courage and unconquerable persistence." 

The Poles form another branch of the Sclavonic 
race, and to the same general characteristics as are 
shown by the Russians, add greater activity, ardor, 
and impulsiveness, with some of the refining in- 
fluences of a more ancient civilization. Many of 
them have dark hair and eyes, and are taller and 
more elegantly formed than the Sclavons generally. 
Their strong national feeling does not readily allow 
itself to be absorbed in the racial spirit. 

III. — Temperament in the Mongolian Race. 

This ra*ce embraces the nations and tribes which 
occupy the central, eastern, south-eastern, and north- 
ern parts of Asia — the people of China, Japan, Thibet, 
Bootan, and Indo-China, the Laplanders of Europe, 



FIG. 89. — A CHINAMAN. 




FIG. 90. — A MALAY. 

PLATE XLIII. 



Temperament m m Races and Nations. 199 

and the Esquimaux, on the shores of the Arctic 
Ocean. A portion of the race, notably the Chinese 
and Japanese, are the depositories of an old, and, in 
some respects, a high civilization, but one seem- 
ingly incapable of much advancement. 

Taking the Chinese (Fig. 89) as a type of the Mon- 
golian race, we find the prevailing Temperament to 
be Bilious-Vital, with a strong predisposition to the 
Lymphatic condition, especially among those resid- 
ing in moist or marshy regions. The Mental Tem- 
perament is not unknown among the Chinese and 
Japanese, but is far from being common. 

The Mongolian head is smaller than that of the 
Caucasian, and has a larger proportion of its bulk 
back of the ear ; the forehead also is less prominent 
and lower. Viewed in front, it is more or less pyra- 
midal, being broad at the base and narrow at the 
top. Combativeness, Destructiveness, Acquisitiveness, 
Secretiveness, Cautiousness, and Constructiveness are 
generally full, as is also Imitation, while Causality, 
Ideality, and Mirthfulness are deficient. The face is 
broad and flat; the nose short and thick; t' e eyes 
black ; the eyebrows very slight ; the hair black and 
lank; the beard very slight, or entirely wanting; 
complexion tawny. 

IV. — Temperament in the Malay Race (Fig. 90). 

It is not unlikely that the Malay is a cross, in which 
is mingled the blood of three distinct races — the Cau- 
casian, the Mongolian, and the Ethiopian, and there- 
fore not entitled to be considered as a distinct race. 
Be that as it may, he shows-some of the characteris- 



200 



The Temperaments. 



tics of the Caucasian combined with traits which 
belong to the lower types mentioned. His skull is 
higher, and not so broad as that of the Mongolian, 
and he sometimes presents a facial angle not much 
inferior to that of the average Caucasian, but gener- 
ally there is a projection of the jaws and a fullness 
of the lips which seem to ally him to the Negro. 
The features are prominent ; the eyes and hair black; 
the complexion tawny, sometimes approaching the 
hue of mahogany. The Temperament is generally 
Bilious-Motive, the muscular development being 
more decided in the arms and chest than in the 
lower limbs, owing doubtless to the maritime habits 
of the race. 

The Malay is active, enterprising, subtle, excitable, 
crafty, unprincipled, treacherous, sensual, and cruel. 
He is subject to fits of ungovernable passion, brought 
on by the use of alcoholic liquors, opium, and bang 
(smoking-hemp), in which he seems to thirst for blood 
and to be utterly insensible to either fear or bodily 
pain. This frenzy is known by the name of Muck 
or Mook in Sumatra, and Wade in India. To the 
same frenzy and nervous insensibility may be ascribed 
the ferocious, unyielding spirit manifested by the 
Malays in battle. " They fight to the last gasp ; 
never ask and scarcely will accept quarter, or express 
thanks for mercy or the cure of wounds." 

"The Malay," it has been aptly said, "is at once 
the tiger and the serpent of the East." 



Temperament in* Races and Nations. 201 



V.- —Temperament in the American Race 
(Fig. 91). 

In the American Indian we find the most perfect 
examples of the dark or bilious type of the Motive 
Temperament, or as we have more compactly ex- 
pressed the constitutional condition referred to — the 
Bilious-Motive Temperament, shown in his tall, 
sinewy frame, muscular limbs, prominent features, 
harsh expression, black hair, black or brown eyes, 
and copper-colored complexion, as well as in his 
mental character, in which energy, persistence, firm- 
ness, dignity, bravery, cautiousness, cunning, and 
cruelty are marked traits. His cranium is heavy and 
coarse, and distinguished for its roundness, manifest 
in every aspect, for its great breadth immediately 
above the ears, and for a lofty coronal region. The 
forehead is broad, but retreating, showing the Percep- 
tive faculties to predominate over the reasoning powers. 

The Vital Temperament is sometimes, though 
rarely, found among the Indians, but the Mental is 
unknown among the uncivilized tribes. 

VI. — Temperament in the Ethiopian Race 
(Fig. 92). 

The tribes and nations of this race are widely dis- 
persed, in Africa, Abyssinia, Australia, Borneo, and 
several other islands of the Indian Archipelago and 
in North and South America. The various tribes 
differ widely from each other, though all possessing 
certain general characteristics in common. We shall 
base our remarks under this head upon the Negro of 
our Southern States, as we find him to-day, after a 
9* 



202 The Temperaments. 



few generations of slavery and a few years of freedom 
and franchise among civilized Caucasians. He has 
improved somewhat, even under the unfavorable con- 
ditions to which he has been subjected, but in the 
distinctive characteristics of his race, he is essentially 
the same as his brother in the interior of Africa. 

The Temperament of the Negro is naturally Bil- 
ious-Motive, but examples of the Bilious- Vital are 
not uncommon, especially among the women ; and 
the Sanguine element, though not often predomi- 
nant, is by no means deficient, as the ample chest 
and active circulatory system attest. The influ- 
ence of this last-named constitutional condition 
is seen in the lively, ardent, amiable, excitable, im- 
pulsive, and volatile disposition so often manifest- 
ed under circumstances particularly calculated to 
draw them out ; but the true basis of the Negro 
character, contrary to the generally received opinion, 
is laid more deeply in slow, steady energy and patient 
endurance. The American freedmen of to-day are 
oftener grave than gay, and are capable of undertak- 
ing the most serious enterprises and of carrying them 
out to the end — be that end success or failure — with 
a persistence for which they have not hitherto re- 
ceived credit. They are not good, however, in plan- 
ning their undertakings, and their energy and pluck 
are generally thrown away. With all his amiability, 
sympathy, and real kindness of heart, the Negro can 
be guilty of the greatest cunning, ferocity, and cruelty. 

The Mental Temperament is seldom found in the 
Negro, but will doubtless be hereafter developed by 
culture. 



XV. 



STUDIES IN TEMPERAMENT. 

L— The Great Tragedienne (Fig. 93). 

ANY careful reader of the foregoing chapters, hav- 
ing before him a head and face like the one here 
represented, will be able to determine at a glance the 
Temperament of the person to whom it belongs. 
The pyriform outline, the clearly-defined, sharply-cut 
features, the expression of lively intelligence, all in- 
dicate dominant mentality. On this simple fact he 
may base a tolerably correct general estimate of 
character, so far as character depends upon or is 
denoted by a constitutional condition. This is a 
marked case. There can be no question as to which 
system of organs is in the ascendant in the constitu- 
tion. But even here, we must not be too hasty in 
summing up. The subordinate temperamental ele 
ments are to be taken into the account as well as the 
leading one. The practical difficulty lies in accurately 
measuring the relative proportion which each bears 
to the others, so as to assign to each its due influ- 
ence on the character. Especially is it important to 
determine correctly which stands next to the leading 
one, in development and activity. In the case of 
Rachel, there was a solidity and firmness of texture 

(203) 



204 The Temperaments. 



about her rather slight frame — a certain wiriness and 
tension in her muscles — which hardly needed the tes- 
timony of her wondrous dark brown eyes and black 
hair to prove the influential position of the Bilious- 
Motive element in her constitution ; and we know 
that the effect must have been to strengthen and in- 
tensify all the natural manifestations of the Mental 
Temperament. The refined tastes, the clear and cor- 
rect artistic conceptions, the vivid and quick-coming 
fancies, the ready discrimination, and the keen sen- 
sitiveness which characterize predominant brain- 
power were here reinforced by the greater energy of 
character, strength of will, firmness, and persistence 
which belong to the system next in development and 
activity. From the same source came the strong 
passions, the overmastering ambition, and the im- 
patience of wholesome restraint which sometimes 
disturbed the current of a life immortalized by 
genius. Without this potential tempering with the 
bilious-muscular element, however, Rachel could 
never have become the Queen of Tragedy, though 
she might have still had a brilliant career in some 
other department of intellectual effort. It was this 
which gave her the power to feel, appreciate, and 
imbue herself with the passions she sought to portray 
and to make them living realities on the stage. 

II. — The Mormon Leader (Fig. 94). 

A broad chest, a stout body, massive limbs, a full, 
ruddy face indicate at once to the eye the predomi- 
nance of the vital system, but a large, active brain 
and a good development of the muscular or locomo- 



Studies in Temperament. 



205 



tive system (more evident in a photograph now be- 
fore us than in th ; s engraving), temper this vigorous 
animality, with a high degree of intellectual power, 
energy of character, and executive ability. With a 
smaller brain, he might have been a mere vulgar sen- 
sualist ; with less of the Motive element, he would 
have taken a subordinate place instead of becoming 
the chief ruler of his people. The basis of his char- 
acter lay in his massive trunk, the never-failing source 
of that vital affluence which sustains, vivifies, warms, 
and quickens body and brain alike. The superstruct- 
ure had the strength of sinew and the force of char- 
acter imparted by the muscular constitution, and the 
intellectual ability and moral influence which come 
from a strongly-developed and well-balanced mental 
organization. The base of the brain was heavy and 
the neck short and thick, giving the Propensities 
great power and activity, but the high coronal region 
furnished the strong will and the high moral prin- 
ciples calculated to hold them measurably in check. 

III.— The Daughter of a Queen (Fig. 95). 

There is no lack of vital stamina in the Royal 
Family of England. The Queen, the Princes, and the 
Princesses all fitly represent the physical opulence 
the abounding vigor of the Anglo-Saxon race. The 
fullness of contour, the shapeliness of limb, the round- 
ness of cheek, the freshness of complexion, which 
betoken good digestion, full respiration and rapid, 
equable circulation, are never lacking. 

The Vital Temperament in the Princess Alice is 
sufficiently modified by a good mental development 



m 



2o6 The Temperaments. 



to give considerable delicacy to the features, refine- 
ment to the manners,, good taste and love of art and 
literature, without detracting from the genial good- 
nature, the lively animal spirits, the impulsiveness, 
the ardor, and the amiable and affectionate disposi- 
tion natural to it. The Motive element is but mod- 
erately developed, its principal indication, so far as 
shown in our engraving, being the prominence of the 
nose, which indicates some force of character and 
steadiness of purpose. 

IV.— A Savage Chieftain (Fig. 96). 
Here is a type of the Red Man and of the dark or 
Bilious-Motive Temperament. Large, dense bones; 
heavy joints, like hinges of iron bound with bands 
of steel ; firm, wiry muscles ; harsh, prominent feat- 
ures; high cheek-bones ; retreating forehead ; beetling 
brows ; deep-set, cruel, black eyes ; coarse black hair ; 
and a hard, stern expression of countenance, are some 
of the external indications of the great physical 
strength, toughness, and endurance of this constitu- 
tional condition, as well as of its strong, rough, un- 
compromising, energetic, steadfast, cool, calculating, 
persistent mental character, softened by no human 
tenderness, refined by no aesthetic tastes, and warmed 
by no kindly impulses. Such a man is not likely to 
show any amiable weaknesses, or to be turned aside 
from any course he may have marked out for himself, 
by sentimental considerations. He will shrink from 
no danger which may lie in his path, and will endure 
hardship and pain with indifference, if they come to 
him in the pursuit of his ends. Sufferings inflicted 




FIG. 95-— PRINCESS ALICE. 




F1Z. 96. — KAN OSH , AN INDIAN CHIEF. 



PLATE XLV1. 



Studies in Temperament. 



207 



upon others will move him as little. Ambitious, fond 
of power, self-reliant, cool, cautious, secretive, brave, 
energetic, persevering, hard, stern, cruel, relentless — 
such is the Motive Temperament in the Savage, 
where the modifying influences of intellectual and 
moral culture are unfelt. There is here, keen obser- 
vation, clear perceptions, shrewd common sense, im- 
movable firmness, and considerable executive ability 
and talent for leading and controlling others, but little 
imagination, taste, or capacity for abstract reasoning. 

V— A Savage Woman and Child (Fig. 97). 

This Polynesian woman presents a striking contrast 
to the Indian chief noted in the preceding section; 
Savages they both are, with dark skins and black 
eyes, but they are as unlike in Temperament as pos- 
sible, and as unlike in character. Here we have the 
Vital constitution in its melanic form, or the Bilious- 
Vital Temperament, neither the Motive nor the 
Mental elements having an influential development. 
Light-hearted (as well as light-headed) ; luxuriating 
in all the mere animal enjoyments ; good-natured, 
affectionate, impulsive, passionate, excitable, and vol- 
atile — such a being is constitutionally fitted to be 
the denizen of a lovely tropical island, resting in the 
bosom of peaceful seas, such as Pedro Fernandes de 
Quiros, the navigator who discovered Espiritu Santo 
in 1605, describes that delightful spot to be. He 
says : 

" The rivers Jordan and Salvador give no small 
beauty to their shores, for they are full of odoriferous 
flowers and plants. Pleasant ana agreeable groves 



208 



The Temperaments. 



front the sea in every part ; we mounted to the tops 
of mountains and perceived fertile valleys and rivers 
winding among green meadows. The whole is a 
country which, without doubt, has the advantage 
over those of America, and the best of the European 
will be well if it is equal. It is plenteous of vari- 
ous and delicious fruits, potatoes, yams, plantains, 
oranges, limes, sweet basil, nutmegs, and ebony, all 
of which, without the help of sickle, plow, or other 
artifice, it yields in every season. There are also 
cattle, birds of many kinds and of charming notes, 
honey-bees, rarrots, doves, and partridges. The 
houses wherein the Indians live are thatched and 
low, and they (the Indians, not the houses) are of a 
black complexion." 

Animals can not smile, nor have they, probably, 
any sense of the ludicrous or the comic. Savages in 
general have but a moderate or "small development 
of Mirthfulness, but our Polynesian woman has the 
suggestion of a smile playing about her good-natured 
mouth, and the baby would laugh if not too shy. It 
is well-developed in some of the negroes of the South- 
ern States. 

Compare the Bilious-Vital Temperament in the 
savage woman of Espiritu Santo with the light 01 
Sanguine type of the same constitution, as modified 
by a large and active brain and the culture of a high 
civilization, in the distinguished Irishwoman here 
represented (Fig. 98). In the latter we recognize the 
same full, rounded contours, general plumpness, and 
breadth of development, as in the former, but the 
impression of the whole organization is entirely dif- 




FIG. 97. — NATIVES OF ESPIRITU SANTO. 




FIG. q8.— LADY MORGAN. 



PLATE XLVII. 



Studies in Temperament. 209 



ferent. The forehead has expanded, the eyes beam 
with intelligence, the outlines of the features, though 
softened and roundly curved, are clear and well-de- 
fined, and the expression is thoughtful and sympa- 
thetic. A different spirit looks out from behind the 
mask of warm flesh and blood. Lady Morgan (Sid- 
ney Owenson) once described herself as having " a 
Temperament as cheery and genial as ever went to 
that strange medley of pathos and humor — the Irish 
character." 

VI. — A Working Bishop (Fig 99). 

With the locomotive or osseous and muscular sys- 
tem well-developed, to give the heavy frame and 
angular projections to the figure, and, at the same 
time, an ample manifestation of the vital or nutritive 
system, to fill out the skeleton with good solid flesh, 
and to sustain the whole in vigorous action, we 
observe a degree of squareness about the face, as 
imperfectly shown in Fig. 99, in which, with a pre- 
dominance of the Mental element, we have a strong 
development of both the Motive and the Vital, form- 
ing a powerful organization for practical work, as 
well as for observation, investigation, study, and 
thought. Such a man is born to command and to 
lead and control men, by the simple virtue of a calm, 
cool, steady, energetic, self-reliant, determined char- 
acter, backed up by a vigorous intellect, and a rich, 
warm, and, at the same time, dense and tough 
physical system. At the head of an army, or a 
chairman of a church convention, he would show the 



2IO The Tempera7nents 



same self-control and the same mastery over those 
around him. 

Fig. 103 shows how a similar combination of tem- 
peramental elements is modified in expression by sex 
and education. Mrs. Clemmer, we are told, has dark 
hair and blue eyes. The former, with the strong, 
prominent features and somewhat severe expression, 
indicates the influence of the Motive constitution, 
while the latter represents, in connection with a mod- 
erate fullness of cheeks and lips, the Sanguine or 
Vital element, while there is sufficient expansion of 
forehead, elevation of the coronal region, and clear- 
cut sharpness in the features to show the dominance 
of the brain-power. She should be, as she is, a 
ready, vigorous writer, as well as a keen, critical 
observer. 

VII. — A Solid, Stable Character (Fig. 100). 

This portrait illustrates that class of cases referred 
to in Chapter VII., in which age brings with it, in 
the Vital and Mental-Vital Temperaments, a tend- 
ency to that constitutional condition described by 
the pathologists as the Lymphatic Temperament. 
Though to a certain extent an abnormal condition, 
it is by no means inconsistent with endurance and 
longevity — in fact, it may promote the latter by re- 
tarding the too great activity of body and mind, 
which so often hastens the wearing out of the physi- 
cal system, and by promoting a calm, cc ol, dispas- 
sionate state of mind, a love of ease, and a distaste 
for the disturbing excitements of public life and the 
cares and responsibilities of business. In this case 




FIG. IOO. — JOHN S. DARCY 

PLATE XLVIII, 



Studies in Temperament. 



211 



there is evidence of both vigor and toughness, great 
tenacity of life, and a quiet, equable, well-regulated 
disposition, eminently favorable to health and lon- 
gevity. Dr. Franklin, and, to a lesser extent, General 
Washington manifested the same lymphatic tenden- 
cies in old age. 

Mr. Darcy's character, as delineated several years 
ago in the American Phrenological Journal, is shown 
to be a strong, practical, harmonious one, as the bal- 
ance of temperamental conditions in his organization 
would lead us to infer. "There is," the examiner 
says, " decision, stability, and executiveness indi- 
cated, together with excellent planning talent ; and 
if he is not an inventor, he is capable of planning, 
contriving, projecting, and devising ways and means 
to accomplish difficult ends. He always makes his 
brain save his hands. He is a man of comparatively 
few words, but is full of thought and originality. He 
is eminently kind, sympathetic, just, and devotional. 
He is not brilliant, showy, imaginative, or poetical ; 
but kind, affectionate, watchful, and considerate. 
Utility first, beauty and finish afterward, would be 
his motto ; though he would be tasteful, refined, 
neat, and tidy, requiring and observing method and 
order in all things. He has excellent judgment in 
regard to the value of property, knowing exactly 
what a dollar is worth, and what can be done with 
it. He would make an excellent appraiser. He is 
always manly and dignified without ostentation ; has 
a strong will without obstinacy ; deep religious emo- 
tions without bigotry ; is cautious without being timid, 
and playful, mirthful, and joyous without hilarity." 



212 The Temperaments. 



VIII. — Temperament " in the Rough " (Fig. 
101). 

Here the Vital Temperament (in the daughter) 
and the Vital-Motive (in the mother) are represented 
in the rough aspect in which they manifest them- 
selves among the rude, uncultivated lower class of a 
European sea-port — not lower in vitality and strength 
of constitution, but in intellectual development and 
cultivation. Observe what large, muscular bodies, 
large necks, and moderate-sized brains. The business 
of this class is to live and enjoy life in the affections 
and senses rather than in the intellect or sentiments. 
All the bodily functions are healthy and vigorous — 
digestion, breathing, and circulation. Without the 
luxuries of the higher circles of life, they subsist upon 
the simplest food, live much in the open air, and 
enjoy life into extreme old age. These are simple- 
minded, temperate, and virtuous people, whose wants 
are few, and who live nearer to nature than many in 
more fashionable circles. They are profoundly relig- 
ious, full of faith, hope, and trust, with limited edu- 
cation, see a Providence even in calamities, and 
accept reverses and disappointments without a mur- 
mur. They are full of life, and happy in their condi- 
tion. The mother has a resolute, determined expres- 
sion, is very self-reliant and energetic, and will, we 
may be sure, turn aside from her course for no one. 
Strong-willed, severe (when severity may be required) 
and perhaps domineering, she is still, by virtue of 
the influential activity of the strong vital element in 
her constitution, kind, benevolent, and sympathetic. 




FIG. 102. MRS. LOUISA CHANDLER MOULTON. FIG. 103. — MARY CLEMMER. 



PLATE XLIX 



Studies in Temperament. 213 



The daughter is of a softer and more pliable organi- 
sation, and will yield to the pressure of circumstances, 
where resistance might involve pain, hardship, or 
self-sacrifice. In her disposition she is more pleasing 
and amiable. 

Though these simple fisherwomen have little more 
intellectual development or training than savages, 
they are far above them in the scale of being, through 
the reflected light of the civilization which shines 
around them, and the purer religion which has ele- 
vated their moral sentiments and refined their affec- 
tions. 

IX.— A Literary Lady (Fig. 102). 

From a fisherwoman of Boulogne to a cultivated 
and refined American lady is a long step, and great 
is the difference between the organic quality of the 
two, though both have the same general configura- 
tion and are made up of similar materials — bones, 
muscles, tissues, and fluids. The one is coarse, the 
other fine. Here we have delicacy, grace, and beauty ; 
there rough outlines, awkward movements, and home- 
ly features. In the lady, the chiseling is clear and 
sharp ; in the fish-wife, blurred and broken. In the 
latter, the animal nature predominates ; in the former 
the mental. 

Mrs. Moulton has the Mental Temperament, with 
sufficient of the vital element to impart a good de- 
gree of warmth, amiability, impulsiveness, and buoy- 
ancy to her disposition and give liveliness, brilliancy, 
and versatility to her intellectual efforts ; and enough 
of the Motive to endow her with the necessary 



214 The Temperaments. 



toughness of physical fiber and stability of moral 
character. Her eyes are probably gray or hazel, her 
hair dark brown, and her complexion between fair 
and dark. " She is a pleasing and entertaining writer, 
and is always affable, gracious, and overflowing with 
courtesy ; has a quick and appreciative eye for what- 
ever is beautiful in poetry or prose, in art or in 
nature, and delights far more in pointing out the 
merits of an author than in holding him up to even 
deserved censure." So an admirer says of her, and 
her organization does not falsify the estimate of the 
friendly pen. 

X. — An Ardent, Emotional Character (Fig. 
104). 

No one will need to be told that we have here a 
representation of the Vital Temperament. The nu- 
tritive functions are in fact rather excessive in their 
action, giving a superabundance of all the life-sus- 
taining elements and an undesirable fullness to the 
figure — a plumpness bordering on corpulence. A 
good intellectual endowment, however, redeems the 
lady's organization from any suspicion of mere animal 
grossness. Another feature of her constitution, not 
so obvious, perhaps, to the casual- observer, in an un- 
colored picture, imparts an air of solidity and strength 
to her person and of force and dignity to her char- 
acter. This is the melanic or bilious element indi- 
cated by dark eyes, black hair, and a peachy bloom 
on the cheek. She should be a good observer and 
by no means deficient as a thinker; should converse 
fluently and well, and be full of emotion and passion. 



FTG. 104. — MARTHA HAINES BUTTS BENNETT. 




PIG. 105. — A NEGRO. 
PLATE L. 



Studies in Temperament. 2\% 



She is warm, ardent, voluptuous, sympathetic, and 
enthusiastic, but at the same time earnest, self-poised, 
and firm. " When such a nature takes the offensive, 
there is no half-way work. She is resolute as well as 
tender ; executive, but not cruel or vindictive ; cau- 
tious, but not timid or irresolute ; self-relying, but 
not haughty. She loves her liberty, and will not 
submit to restraint, but can conform and adapt her- 
self to circumstances. She may be led or persuaded, 
but can not be driven." She probably owes the 
melanic element in her constitution to a strain of 
Celtic blood, being of French descent on the mother's 
side. 

The influence of the dark or bilious element when 
associated with the Vital Temperament, forming what 
we have called the Bilious-Vital Temperament, has 
received too little attention and should be carefully 
studied by the physiologist as well as by the reader 
of character. 

XL— The Melanic or Dark Element (Fig. 105). 

Like the great majority of his race, this Negro has 
the Motive Temperament, shown by the projecting 
cheek bones and jaws, and (inferentially) the length 
and size of the bones generally, as well as by the 
length of the cranium, which would be found also 
thick and dense. The osseous and muscular systems 
are decidedly predominant, but there is no marked 
deficiency in the nutritive system, the breathing 
power and circulation being good, and the digestion 
admirable. 

The Mental Temperament is almost unknown 



216 The Temperaments. 



among the Negroes of the Southern States of the 
Union, but will, no doubt, be developed as one of 
the results of freedom, franchise, and free schools. 
The Vital Temperament is common enough among 
the women employed as house servants, nurses, etc., 
but " field hands " of both sexes — generally the de- 
scendants of generations of " field hands " — inherit 
the muscular development which is the basis of the 
Motive Temperament. 

The supposed light-hearted, buoyant, jovial, care- 
less, and improvident character of the Negro has 
seemed to indicate a sanguine constitution or Vital 
Temperament. All Southern races are improvident 
and lacking in forethought in matters pertaining to 
the shelter and sustenance of the body; not from the 
effects of a volatile Temperament, but because nature 
and climate are too opulent and deal too generously 
with them to render industrious, careful, and saving 
habits necessary. As to any peculiar gay, rollicking, 
light-heartedness, and love of pleasure in the Negro 
character it is a mere fiction of the casual observer, 
probably growing out of the fact that in the time of 
slavery, dancing, music, singing, and wild revelry 
marked festive occasions among them. These were 
reactions against the monotonous labors and close 
restraints of their condition, and no indications of the 
general tone of feeling among them. These scenes 
have almost entirely disappeared, since " freedorr 
came," giving place to political and religious meet- 
ings, processions, and other more serious relaxations. 
In fact, the prevailing tone is a grave one, evincing 
far more pathos than hilarity. All genuine Negro 



Studies in Temperament. 



music is in the minor key, and neither slavery nor 
freedom have thus attuned their voices. There 
is in them a toughness, a power of sustained action, 
and a persistence of purpose, as well as a slow move- 
ment and a cool, calculating policy which belong to 
the Melano-Motive Temperament alone. 

XII. — An American Soldier (Fig. 106). 

This portrait represents a fine example of the 
Motive-Mental Temperament, the prominences and 
angularities of the strong osseous system being some- 
what smoothed down, sharpened, and refined by the 
full development and great activity of the brain and 
nervous system. 

General Logan is described as being "tall and 
tough, with a most flexible physiology; his hair is 
black and wiry ; his skin a reddish-white or a livid 
brown ; eyes full, black, and piercing ; nose promi- 
nent ; nostrils large ; chin long and projecting ; jaws 
strong and well set on ; mouth large, but well cut ; 
lips full and firm ; ears above the average, and the 
neck is large and sinewy. His breathing, circulation, 
and digestion are excellent." 

In character, he is cool, brave, self-reliant, unaf- 
fected, firm, self-possessed, independent, proud, 
strong-willed, energetic, clear-headed, persevering, 
somewhat severe, if not stern, but at the same time 
warm-hearted and sympathetic. As a friend, he may 
be counted on under all circumstances, for he is emi- 
nently steadfast and constant ; as an enemy he would 
be bitter and perhaps cruel and unrelenting. His in- 
tellectual abilities are above the average, but his 
10 



218 



The Temperaments. 



efficiency is largely due to his energetic Tempera- 
ment. " He would have made a capital engineer, 
explorer, navigator, or a pioneer. He is careless of 
mere ornament, but values the substantiate. His 
Ideality is not large, and love of the beautiful is sub- 
ordinate to his sense of the useful/' 

XIII. — Chief of the Horsemen (Fig. 107). 

Here we have the Mental-Motive Temperament, 
the Motive element being of the strong dark type, 
indicated by the brown or black eyes, black hair, nut- 
brown complexion, and prominent and somewhat 
harsh features, softened in expression by the mental 
influences so active in the organization. 

General Sheridan is energetic, tenacious of pur- 
pose, self-reliant, ambitious, prompt in action, cool, 
brave, trustworthy, clear-headed, quick to compre- 
hend the situation and impetuous in execution. His 
intellect is of the practical kind, and manifests itself 
most efficiently in emergencies, when less cool and 
self-poised minds are thrown off their balance and 
are powerless to meet the demands of the hour. 

A newspaper correspondent describes Gen. Sheri- 
dan as follows : 

" There is no waste timber about Sheridan ; not 
much of him physically, but snugly put together. 
A square face, a warm, black eye, a pleasant smile, a 
reach of under jaw, showing that 1 when he will, he 
will, you may depend on't ; ' black hair, trimmed 
round like a garden-border; no Hyperion curl about 
him any more than there was about Cromwell's 
troopers • and altogether impressing you with the 



Studies in Temperament. 219 



truth that there is about as much energy packed 
away in about the smallest space that you ever saw in 
your life. Men ranging down from medium size to 
little, with exceptions enough to prove the rule, 
seem to carry the day among the heroes. Moses was 
something of a General, but no Falstaff ; Alexander 
the Great and Peter the Great were little ; Cromwell 
was no giant, and as for Napoleon — why, what was 
he but ' the little Corporal ? ' Sheridan is a capital 
executive officer ; perhaps he would be hardly equal 
to planning a great campaign ; but, Jehu ! wouldn't 
he drive it ! With a good piece of his head behind 
his ears, and hardly reverence enough for a mandarin, 
he is not afraid of the face of clay. As chief of cav- 
alry, he is indeed chief among ten thousand." 



XVI. 



TEMPERAMENT IN THE LOWER ANIMALS. 

We find, in the lower animals — at least in such of' 
them as we purpose to include in this, sketch — the 
same grand systems of organs as in man — the loco- 
motive or mechanical system ; the Vital or nutritive 
system ; and the Mental or nervous system. These 
are combined in different proportions, in the different 
species of animals, and to a limited extent in different 
individuals of the same species. The lower animals 
may, therefore, be said to have the same Tempera- 
ments as are found in the human family, or, at least, 
to have the capacity for the same mixing or temper- 
ing of the constitution with the three primitive ele- 
ments — Motive, Vital, and Mental. 

I. — TEMPERAMENT IN WlLD ANIMALS (Figs. 108 
to 115). 

In speaking of the savage races we have had occa- 
sion to remark that there is a degree of uniformity 
in Temperament not found among civilized peoples, 
nearly all the individuals of the same race having a 
similar constitution. Among wild animals this uni- 
formity is almost perfect. Every tiger (Fig. 112) has 
the Bilious-Motive Temperament, though there may 
be individual differences in the strength of its devel- 
(220) 




FIG. 112. — TIGER. 



TEMPERAMENT IN WILD ANIMALS. 
PLATE Lll. 



Temperament in the Lotver Animals. 221 

opment ; every opossum has the Vital Temperament, 
and every deer (Fig. 113) the Mental or Nervous 
Temperament. When we come to speak of the com- 
mon domestic animals, we shall see that the case is 
quite different. Man has here interfered with the 
regular working of natural laws, causing many modi- 
fications of the most singular and interesting charac- 
ter in the original Temperament and configuration 
of the horse, the ox, the sheep, etc. The law in such 
cases seems to be that the higher the organization 
and the greater the culture, the more numerous and 
wider the individual differences. 

The lion (Fig. 108), the wolf (Fig. no), and the 
carnivorous animals generally, have, like the tiger, the 
Motive or Bilious, or, in our nomenclature, the Bil- 
ious-Motive Temperament, and are blood-thirsty, 
cunning, treacherous, and cruel. The bear (Fig. 109) 
has a larger development of the nutritive system 
than the tiger, the wolf, etc., and may be described 
as having the Motive- Vital Temperament. He is by 
no means exclusively a flesh-eater, but is very fond 
of fruits and of honey, and takes on fat readily. The 
intelligence of the lion and of the fox may perhaps 
entitle them to the distinction of having ascribed to 
them the Motive-Mental Temperament. In the lat- 
ter (Fig. 111) the shapely face and sharp, clear-cut 
features seem to indicate such a combination of the 
temperamental elements. Cautiousness and Secre- 
tiveness, and especially the latter, are remarkably 
developed in the fox. 

In the grass-eating or herbivorous tribes, we find 
the muscular or locomotive system generally less 



222 The Temperaments. 



powerfully developed, either the vital or the nervous 
assuming the ascendency. Thus the deer and the 
antelope (Figs. 113 and 115) have the Mental or 
Nervous Temperament, and the woodchuck and the 
beaver have the Vital, though in the latter the mus- 
cular system is still very powerful. 

Among the feathered tribes the same general law 
holds good. Birds of prey, like the eagle, the hawk, 
and the owl, are powerfully developed in bone and 
muscle, but thin of flesh, and never fat, while the 
seed-eaters, like the grouse, the quail, and the wild 
pigeon, are inclined to plumpness and quickly be- 
come fat, where food suited to their wants is abun- 
dant. The latter have the Vital Temperament ; the 
former, with the swallows, night-hawks, and other 
swift-flying, insect-eating birds, have the Motive. 

II. — Temperament in Domestic Animals. 

We now come in contact with various artificial 
conditions, such as diet, breeding, and training, 
through which almost numberless modifications of 
the original types have been produced in the species 
of animals which have long been subjected to man. 
We no longer find that uniformity which, in the wild 
animals, enables us, in discussing Temperament, to 
ignore the individual and speak only of species. In 
horses, cattle, sheep, swine, etc., we must discriminate 
between the different races, breeds, and varieties, and 
even note individual differences, as indications of 
mental and temperamental peculiarities. 

1. The Horse (Figs. 116 to 121). — The original 
Temperament of the horse, unlike that of the grass- 



Temperament in the Lower Animals. 223 

eaters generally, was probably the Motive, or possibly 
Motive- Vital. The wild horses still to be found on 
the Asiatic side of the Volga, and stretching thence 
over the boundless wilds of the interior, are thus 
described : 

"Their heads are large, thick, and very convex 
above the eyes ; their ears are long, habitually carried 
low, and hanging backward ; their limbs are long, but 
stout ; the muzzle thick and garnished with bristles, 
and long hairs grow beneath the jaws and under part 
of the neck. The hair of the body is long and 
shaggy, sometimes frizzled. The color is usually 
brownish-dun, approaching to a muddy cream-color. 
These horses are gregarious, and are often seen in 
numbers of several hundred together." 

Catching and subduing the original wild horse, or 
horses (for it is not known whether all our races and 
breeds of this animal are descended from one original 
stock or from several), man has, by selection and sys- 
tematic breeding, produced a great variety in consti- 
tution and configuration. Here, giving length and 
slenderness of limb for speed and ease of action, as 
in the race-horse ; there, developing bone and mus- 
cle, as in the Clydesdale (Fig 116). 

In the horse, whether bred for the saddle, the car- 
riage, or for heavy draught — whether we desire 
slenderness or grace, or stoutness and strength, it is 
dense, wiry muscle that we aim at, and not cellular 
tissue and fat ; so the vital system has been dimin- 
ished so far as health and the necessary capacity for 
nutrition will permit. Our training also has had its 
influence, developing the brain, increasing the inteili- 



224 



The Temperament's, 



gence, and encouraging the nervous or mental system. 
The result is a great variety of constitutional condi- 
tions, but none of them tending to a complete pre- 
ponderance of the nutritive or vital system. The 
Temperaments in the domestic horse vary from the 
typical Motive or Motive-Vital of the wild animal to 
« the Nervous or Mental in the Arabian and some of 
his grades. 

The characteristics of the different Temperaments 
in animals are similar to those observed in man, so 
far as the difference between us and the lower animals 
permits comparison. In the Motive Temperament 
there are always large bones, strong, dense, wiry mus- 
cles, and a configuration strongly marked and inclined 
to angularity ; in the Vital, relatively smaller bones, 
more plumpness and more gracefully rounded forms ; 
in the Mental, slenderness, sharpness of outline, and 
delicacy and fineness of texture. 

In Fig. 118 we have the Motive Temperament and 
a headstrong, combative, obstinate, and unyielding 
disposition. A stronger development of the vital and 
mental systems would have greatly improved hij 
temper and capacity. Fig. 120 represents such a 
modification and a high degree of intelligence, docil- 
ity, and gentleness, indicated by width between the 
eyes, prominence of those organs, and roundness and 
elevation between and above them. Figs. 117 and 
119 represent the Nervous or Mental Temperament 
and great activity and intelligence; but Fig. 117 is 
timid, restive, and excitable, and needs coolness, calm- 
ness, and patience in his management. Fig. 119 is 
rather sly, cunning, mischievous, and untrustworthy. 




TEMPERAMENT IN HORSES. 
PLATE LIU. 



Temperament in the Lower Animals. 225 

For the cart or dray, and for cavalry service, the 
hard, tough muscles and powerful organization of the 
Motive Temperament are desirable, but there should 
be a sufficient development of the Mental system to 
give a fair degree of intelligence and enough of the 
Vital to insure a good digestion and a facility to 
keep in good flesh. For the saddle and light draught 
on the road, we want more of the mental element to 
give slenderness, grace, and ease of action. A good 
serviceable family horse, for all kinds of work and for 
the use of boys and women, should have a good bal- 
ance of temperamental conditions and a head like 
Fig. 120. 

The abnormal condition described as the Lym- 
phatic Temperament is not unknown among horses 
and is characterized by a lazy, sluggish disposition 
and an entire absence of the pride, spirit, and ambi- 
tion which are natural to the well-constituted and 
healthy animal. 

A certam degree of development of the vital sys- 
tem, and especially of the sanguine element, repre- 
sented by the depth and breadth of the chest, are 
essential in every horse to which we look for con- 
tinued labor, whether under the saddle, in the light 
wagon, buggy, or phaeton, in the carriage, or for 
heavy draught. In the race-horse alone, there may 
be a disproportionate slenderness of body and length 
of limb, inconsistent with long-continued effort ot 
steady labor. 

Horses with well-balanced Temperaments are the 
most healthy and long-lived, and will do the greatest 
amount of work v/ith the least outlay of strength, as 



226 The Temperaments. 



their bodies, limbs, and brains are in harmony with 
each other, and perfect symmetry exists throughout, 
conducive of ease of action, as well as evenness of 
temper and a gentle, quiet disposition. 

Some of the points of a horse, as they are more 
or less matters of Temperament, will not be out of 
place here : 

(1) . The head should be symmetrical and not too 
large, as a very large head in a horse generally indi- 
cates thick, heavy bones and a dull, sluggish consti- 
tution. There should be a good forehead, however, 
the points of which have already been stated. 

(2) . The ears should be fine, pointed, and erect. 
Horses with lopping ears are not necessarily bad, but 
they are apt to be slow and dull. 

(3) . The eyes should be large and prominent and 
the eyelids thin. 

(4) . The nostrils should be expansive. They are in- 
dicative of the sanguine element of the constitution, 
of breathing power, and consequently of speed. Nar- 
row nostrils are entirely inconsistent with rapid 
movement. 

(5) . The neck should be of medium length and 
somewhat arched or convex. 

(6) . There must be a roomy chest, for well-developed 
lungs and full breathing power ; but where speed is 
required, this room should be obtained by extension 
in depth rather than in breadth, as a broad chest sets 
the fore legs too far apart for ease of action. For 
heavy draught, the chest should be broad. 

(7) . The back should be elevated at the withers, as 
indicating ease of action in the fore legs. A straight 



Temperament in the Lower Animals. 



227 



back indicates strength ; a long back is a sign of 
speed, and a short one of strength and endurance. 
The latter is usually associated with short legs, a 
round, plump body, and a marked combination of the 
Vital and Motive Temperaments. 

(8) . The ribs should be well curved, so that the sides 
shall not be flat and the body narrow, as this confor- 
mation indicates deficient vital stamina and endur- 
ance. 

(9) . The haunches or quarters should be well ex- 
panded in every direction, as they indicate the power 
of progression. In all animals, the power of rapid 
motion is in direct relation with the development of 
the posterior extremities, as in the greyhound, the 
deer, and the antelope. 

(10) . All the limbs should be symmetrical and in 
harmony with the form of the body and the Temper- 
ament and uses of the animal. 

Always examine the heads, faces, and expressions 
of animals before buying. The temperamental and 
physiognomical signs are as applicable to them as to 
men. 

2. Cattle (Fig. 122). — In cattle and other animals do- 
mesticated and bred mainly for the production of human 
food, the effort has naturally been to produce an adap- 
tation to the rapid production of flesh, together with 
the fatty secretions desired as articles of diet ; and as 
the capacity to readily assimilate nourishment depends 
upon the development and activity of the digestive, 
respiratory, and circulatory organs, whose seat is in 
the great cavities of the trunk, and which constitute 
the Vital system, the result has been to make the 



22$ 



The Temperaments. 



Vital Temperament almost universal among animals 
of this class. The production of milk in the cow and 
of wool on the sheep has, however, led to some mod- 
ifications of this tendency. 

The original wild stock from which our domestic 
cattle are derived, is still to be found pure and in the 
natural untamed state in some European parks, and 
descriptions of the animal show that there is a much 
more powerful development of the osseous and mus- 
cular systems than in our improved domestic breeds, 
though in other respects the difference is not very 
marked. 

We may, then, set down the Temperament of our 
domestic cattle as generally strongly Vital, modified 
in some breeds, and notably in the Jersey, by a large 
infusion of the Mental or Nervous element, consti- 
tuting the Vital-Mental, and in the half-wild cattle 
of the Southwest and of Florida by a partial return 
to the Vital-Motive constitution of the original stock. 

In the case of the Jersey breed, several causes have 
led to their more delicate and deer-like nervous con- 
stitution. In the first place, they have been bred for 
many generations exclusively for dairy purposes, the 
idea of beef being ignored, or at least made entirely 
subservient to the production of milk and butter. 
This has naturally induced breeders to disregard the 
indications of the flesh-forming and fat-producing 
qualities in favor of those relating to milk secretion ; 
secondly, the custom of soiling, or feeding in stables or 
small yards, generally followed in the Channel Islands, 
allowing the animals little exercise, has further dimin- 
ished both the vital and the locomotive systems, while 




PLATE LIV. 



Temperament in the Lower Animals. 229 

it has increased the nervous; and, finally, the more 
perfectly domesticated condition in which these cattle 
are kept, the closer intimacy between them and their 
owners, and the petting to which they are subject, 
while diminishing their vital stamina, have increased 
their nervous tendencies and their intelligence. 

The indications of the nervous constitution or 
Mental Temperament in cattle are similar to those 
of that condition, in the horse — a comparative slim- 
ness of horns, neck, and tail ; a clean, well-cut muz- 
zle ; finely modeled limbs, and an expression of 
vivacity and intelligence. 

In cattle raised principally with a view to the pro- 
duction of flesh and fatty tissue, the chest should be 
both wide and deep, the trunk capacious, the bones 
relatively small, and the limbs tapering — in other 
words, the Temperament should be Vital. 

The head should be rather small, but with con- 
siderable frontal development and breadth between 
the eyes, these being indications of intelligence, 
amiability, and docility. Great breadth of head is 
unfavorable, as a sign of an unruly and quarrelsome 
disposition ; but the head of the bull is naturally 
broader than that of the cow, and any approach in 
the latter to the masculine configuration indicates a 
deficient capacity for producing milk. 

The horns should be delicate and sharp rather 
than coarse and thick, but difference of breed must 
be taken into account in judging of their character 
istics. 

A short neck, another characteristic of the Vital 
Temperament, is a good point, but there is some- 



230 The Temperaments. 



times an undue shortness, detracting from symmetry 
and rendering it difficult for the animal to feed from 
the ground. 

A capacious trunk being connected with a strong 
vital system and a capacity for fattening, the ribs 
should be widely arched, rising almost horizontally 
from the spine, and then bending downward with a 
sweep, producing a broad back, which should also be 
nearly straight. Although a short, compact body in- 
dicates robustness and capacity to fatten, a moderate 
length is desirable, as adding to the weight and value 
of the animal. 

The haunches should be long and well expanded 
in every direction, as they add largely to the weight of 
the animal ; and, corresponding with the width of the 
trunk, both the fore and hinder limbs will be far apart. 

Whether in the side view, or seen from behind, the 
ox or the cow, and still more the bull, should present 
a square and massive aspect. 

The skin should be soft to the touch, have an 
unctuous feel, and be well covered with soft hair. 

The points essential to the milk-producing ca- 
pacity are connected mainly with the hinder parts. 
The loins should be wide, and the trunk deep from 
the loins to the mammae. This form existing, the 
more a cow possesses of the other characteristics 
enumerated, the better will she combine milking with 
fattening qualities. A purely dairy cow should have 
a soft skin, clear eyes, a narrow, elongated head, a 
good-sized udder, the superficial veins near which 
should be well marked, and especially what is called 
the 14 milk-vein." 



Temperament in the Lower Animals. 231 

We copy from a work on domestic animals the fol- 
lowing complete list of points, from which it will be 
seen that the results of observation and experience 
accord with those we have deduced from physiologi- 
cal principles : 

(1) . The nose or muzzle in the Durhams or Short 
Horns should be of a rich cream-color. In the Dev- 
on, Hereford, and Sussex it is preferred when a clear 
golden color. A brown or dark color indicates a cross. 

(2) . The forehead should be neither narrow nor very 
broad. The eye should be prominent, and the nostril 
between the eye and the muzzle thin, particularly in 
the Devons. 

(3) . The horns should be small, smooth, tapering, 
and sharp-pointed, long or short, according to the 
breed, and of a white color throughout in some 
breeds, and tipped with black in others. The shape 
is less essential than the color. 

(4) . The neck should be of medium length, full at 
the sides, not too deep in the throat, and should 
come out from the shoulders nearly on a level with 
the chine. 

(5) . The top of the plate bones should not be too 
wide, but, rising on a level with the chine, should be 
well thrown back, so that there may be no hollowness 
behind. 

(6) . The shoulder-joint should lay flat with the ribs, 
without any projection. 

(7) . The breast should be wide and open, projecting 
forward. 

(8) . The chine should lay straight, and be well cov- 
ered with flesh. 



232 The Temperaments. 



(9) . The loin should be flat and wide ; almost as 
wide at the fore as the hinder part. 

(10) . The hip-bones should be wide apart, coming 
upon a level with the chine to the setting of the 
tail. 

(11) . The tip of the rump should be tolerably wide, 
so that the tail may drop to a level between the two 
points ; and the tail should come out broad. 

(12) . The thigh should not be too full outside nor 
behind ; but the inside or twist should be full. 

(C3). The back should be flat and rather thin. 

(14) . The hind leg should be flat and thin ; the legs 
of medium length, and the hock rather turning out. 

(15) . The feet should not be too broad. 

(16) . The flank should be full and heavy when the 
animal is fat. 

(17) . The belly should not drop below the breast, 
but on a line with it. 

(18) . The shoulder should be rather flat, not pro- 
jecting. 

(19) . The fore-leg should also be flat and upright, 
but not fleshy. 

(20) . The round should not project, but be flat with 
the outside of the thigh. 

(21) . The jaws should be rather wide. 

(22) . The ribs should spring nearly horizontally 
from the chine and form a circle, 

(23) . The skin should be loose, floating, as it were, 
on a layer of soft fat, and covered with thick, glossy, 
soft hair. 

(24) . The expression of the eye and face should be 
calm and complacent. 



Temperament in the Lower Animals. 233 

A writer in the Farmer s Magazine, a number of 
years ago, described what are properly considered 
the good points of a cow, as exhibited in the Short 
Horn breed, in the following doggerel lines : 

She's long- in her face, she's fine in her horn ; 
She'll quickly get fat without cake or corn ; 
She's clean in her jaws, and full in her chine ; 
She's heavy in flank, and wide in her loin ; 
She's broad in her ribs, and long in her rump ; 
She's straight in her back, with never a hump ; 
She's wide in her hip, and calm in her eyes ; 
She's fine in her shoulders, and thin in her thighs ; 
She's light in her neck, and small in her tail ; 
She's wide in her breast, and good at the pail ; 
She's fine in her bone, and silky of skin ; 
She's a grazier's without, and a butcher's within. 

3. The Sheep (Fig. 123). — Little need be said of 
the temperamental characteristics of the sheep, ex- 
cept that the same general rules apply to all the 
different breeds as those we have given for cattle. It 
is the Vital Temperament that has been exclusively 
cultivated, and the configuration characteristic of that 
Temperament is what we look for in a good mutton 
sheep. All the improved breeds possess this, though 
some in a higher degree than others. The South- 
Down is perhaps the best mutton sheep in the world, 
so far at least as the quality of its flesh is concerned. 

When sheep deteriorate, as they are sure to do 
under neglect, and as they have done in this country 
and elsewhere, it is always in the direction of the 
Motive Temperament, the bones becoming larger, 
the muscles denser, the limbs longer, and the general 
configuration more angular and homely ; and this is 



234 



The Temperaments. 



doubtless an imperfect return toward the original 
physical character of the species. 

4. The Hog (Fig. 124). — Doubtless the natural Tem- 
perament of the hog, as it exists in a wild state, is 
strongly Vital, though the muscular and osseous sys- 
tems are also well developed and the character of 
the animal energetic, courageous, and fierce. The 
results of breeding in domestication, with special 
reference to the production of flesh, and especially 
of fatty tissue, have been to increase the natural 
vital tendency to an excess known in no other do- 
mestic animal, and to produce what we must con- 
sider an abnormal lymphatic condition inconsistent 
with health. 

In hogs running in the woods and making their 
own living on the " root hog or die " principle, as at 
the South, there is, as in the case of the sheep, a 
partial return to the native wild constitution, in 
which the locomotive system gains development at 
the expense of the fat-forming capacity. The flesh 
of such hogs is less unwholesome than that of our 
improved and highly fattened animals ; but of course 
there are big streaks of " lean " and heavy bones. 

" There is evidently," the Farmers' Cyclopedia says, 
"much diversity in swine in different circumstances 
and situations. Like other descriptions of stock, 
they should be selected with especial reference to the 
nature of the climate, the keep, and the circum- 
stances of the management under which the farm is 
conducted. The chief points to be consulted in judging 
of the breeds of this animal are the form or shape 
of the ear, and the quality of the hair. The pendu- 



Temperament in the Lower Animals. 235 

lous or lop ear, and coarse, harsh hair, are commonly 
asserted to indicate largeness of size and thickness of 
skin ; while erect or prick ears show the size to be 
smaller, but the animals to be more quick in feeding. 

" In the selection of swine, the best formed are 
considered to be those which are not too long, but 
full in the head and cheek ; thick and rather short in 
the neck ; fine in the bone ; thick, plump, and com- 
pact in the carcass ; full in the quarters, fine and thin 
in the hide ; and of a good size according to the 
breed, with, above all, a kindly disposition to fatten 
well and expeditiously at an early age. Depth of 
carcass, lateral extension, breadth of the loin and 
breast, proportionate length, moderate shortness of 
the legs, and substance of the gammons and fore- 
arms, are therefore absolute essentials. These are 
qualities to produce a favorable balance in the ac- 
count of keep, and a mass of weight which will pull 
the scale down. In proportion, too, as the animal is 
capacious in the loin and breast, will be generally the 
vigor of his constitution ; his legs will be thence 
properly distended, and he will have a bold and firm 
footing on the ground." 

5. The Dog (Figs. 125-134). — The dog presents a 
greater variety in Temperament, configuration, and 
character than any other domestic animal. The Mas- 
tiff, powerful in muscle, tough, hardy, tenacious, 
watchful, and courageous, illustrates the Motive Tem- 
perament. The Bull-dog has also a very powerful lo- 
comotive system, but it is modified in him by a greater 
development of the vital system, giving the Motive- 
Vital Temperament and a fierce, indomitable, and 



236 The Temperaments. 



implacable disposition. In the Shepherd's dog we have 
a fine example of the Mental or Nervous Temperament. 
A strictly Vital Temperament is not, we believe, a 
natural condition in the dog, or in any other purely 
carnivorous animal, but is often superinduced in do- 
mestication, in any breed of a conformation favorable 
to the production of flesh and fatty tissue. 

The races of domestic dogs have been arranged in 
three groups, as follows : 

(1) . The Lyciscan, or wolf-like Group ; 

(2) . The Vertragral, or swift-footed Group ; 

(3) . The Molossian, or Mastiff Group ; and 

(4) . The Indigator, or scent-following Group. 

(1). The Lyciscan Group of dogs comprises those 
races which inhabit the northern glacial regions and 
bear a general resemblance to the wolf. They are, 
as a group, considered the least removed from the 
natural state and have a strong preponderance of 
the osseous and muscular systems, or, in other words, 
the Motive Temperament. They are, in many cases, 
used as draught animals and drag heavy sledges over 
the snow and ice of the frozen regions they inhabit. 
They are generally fierce, treacherous, and vindictive, 
and their power of endurance is wonderful. 

Savage and intractable as are the wolf-like dogs 
of the Esquimaux and the Laplanders (Fig. 131), we 
have before us positive proof that these animals are 
susceptible of high culture and the development of 
some of the noblest qualities of the canine genus. 
The Shepherd's dog (Figs. 126 and 129) clearly ref- 
erable to this class, is now a gentle, docile, faithful, 
and (in the discharge of his peculiar functions) won- 




PLATE LV. 



Temperament in the Lower Animals. 237 



derfully sagacious animal. The wolf-like head, in its 
general outlines, is still observable, but so softened, 
refined, and elevated as to give it an entirely differ- 
ent expression and signification. The Temperament 
is no longer Bilious-Motive, but Mental ; and the 
ferocity of the savage has given place to the patient 
devotion of the servant and friend of man. Wonder- 
ful instances of their faithfulness a*nd intelligence are 
on record. 

The noble and sagacious Newfoundland dog is be- 
lieved to be a cross between an Esquimaux Lyciscan 
dog and some large English breed, probably the 
Mastiff. 

(2) . Of the Vertragral Group the lithe and graceful 
Greyhound is the type. This dog varies much in 
external characteristics, depending upon the circum- 
stances under which he is reared and the manner 
in which he is employed. Formerly, having been 
habituated for generations to hunt the stag and 
other large animals, he was larger in stature and far 
more muscular than he is now generally seen, es- 
pecially when reared in dwellings, as a pet. His 
natural characteristics fitted him to follow his prey 
by sight rather than scent and overtake it by his 
great speed of foot. His Temperament, under nor- 
mal conditions, is the Motive. 

(3) . The Molossian Group comprises the larger and 
fiercer kinds of dogs, of which the Mastiff is the type. 
This animal is extremely powerful and very fierce, 
but docile and sagacious in the highest degree. He 
is by hereditary endowment a watch-dog and most 
vigilantly and faithfully does he perform his duty. 



238 The Temperaments. 



He is not blood-thirsty, and, unless trained to mur- 
der, is as forbearing as his duty to his master will 
permit. For the thief or unlawful intruder there is 
no escape, but if he make no resistance, the dog will 
not harm him. He is slow to anger and submits 
patiently to the teasing of children or of other and 
smaller dogs. 

The great St. Bernard dog (Fig. 132) belongs to 
this group and is one of the noblest and most intel- 
ligent of all dogs. His head is finely developed and 
his expression full of benignity. The Temperament 
may be called Motive-Mental. 

(4). The Indigator Group embraces the true hounds 
(Fig. 1 34), and other scent-following hunting dogs, in- 
cluding the Pointer (Fig. 130), Setter, Spaniel (Fig. 
133), and Terrier. These races, though classed together 
on account of that quality of keen scent which makes 
them so valuable as hunting dogs, are widely differ- 
ent from each other in configuration and Tempera- 
ment, and consequently in disposition and intelli- 
gence. The Spaniel is the most intelligent of them 
all, and the most docile and affectionate. " It will 
never turn against its master, but lick the hand that 
chastises it. Even the Arabs find an excuse for fond- 
ling the Spaniel, asserting that it is not a dog." The 
Spaniel has been largely mixed in blood with other 
races, and many dogs bear the name which have lit- 
tle if any of the Spaniel blood. 

6. The Cat (Fig. 135). — Like the tiger, the leopard, 
and other members of the genus Felts, the cat has 
naturally the Bilious-Motive Temperament, and the 
hard, cruel, treacherous character associated with this 



Temperament in the Lower Animals. 



constitution in animals ; but domestication and close 
intimacy, for centuries, with the human race, together 
with a partial change of diet, have modified to a 
limited extent its constitution, disposition, and habits, 
giving it often a Vital predominance and an amiable 
and ordinarily gentle disposition, accompanied with 
considerable intelligence and docility. It returns 
with great facility, however, to its wild habits, and 
its cautious, secretive, and destructive instincts are 
readily awakened. 




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One of the best of the author's works. 

Physiology, Animal and Mental: 

Applied to the Preservation and Restora- 
tion of Health of Body and Power of 
Mind. $1.25. 



Sent by Mail, post-paid. Fowler & Wells Co., 753 Broadway, N.Y. 



1 



WORKS ON PHRENOLOGY. 



Fowler (O. S.)— Memory and In- 

TELLECTUAL IMPROVEMENT, applied to 

Self-Education and Juvenile Instruction. 
$1.25. The best work on the subject 

Maternity ; or, the Bearing and 

Nursing of Children, including Female 
Education and Beauty. $1.25. 

Matrimony ; or, Phrenology and 

Physiology applied to the Selection of 
Congenial Companions for Life, includ- 
ing Directions to the Married for living 
together Affectionately and Happily. 30c. 

Love and Parentage. Applied to 

the Improvement of Offspring ; including 
Directions to Lovers and the Married, 
concerning the strongest ties and the most 
sacred relations of life. 50 cents. 

Hereditary Descent; Its Laws 

and Facts applied to Human Improve- 
ment. Illustrated. $1.25. 

Amativeness ; or, Evils and Rem- 
edies of Excessive and Perverted Sexual- 
ity ; including Warning and Advice to 
the Married and Single. 25 cents. 

Phrenology Proved, Illustrated, 

and Applied. Embracing an Analysis 
of the Primary Mental Powers in their 
Various Degrees of Development, and 
location of the Phrenological Organs. 
The Mental Phenomena produced by 
their combined action, and the location 
of the faculties amply illustrated. By the 
Fowler Brothers. $1.50. 

Self-Instructor in Phrenology 

and Physiology. With over One 
Hundred Engravings and a Chart for 
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Brothers. Paper, 50 cts.; cloth, 75 cts. 

Synopsis of Phrenology, and 

Charts for Describing the Phrenological 
Developments, for the usa of Lecturers 
and Examiners. Paper, 10 cents. 

Fowler (L.N.) — Marriage, its His- 

tory and Ceremonies, with a Phren- 
ological and Physiological Exposition of 
the Functions and Qualifications for 
Happy Marriages. Illustrated, $1.25. 

Redfield's Comparative Physiogno- 

MY ; or, Resemblances Between Men and 
Animals. Illustrated. $3.00. 

Sent by Mail, post-paid. Fowler & 



Sizer (Nelson).— Choice of Pursuits : 

or, What to Do and Why. Describing 
Seventy-five Trades and Professions, and 
the Temperaments and Talents required 
x>r each. With Portraits and Biographies 
of many successful Thinkers and Work- 
ers. $1.75. 

How to Teach According to 

Temperament and Mental Develop- 
ment ; or, Phrenology in the School-room ! 
and the Family. Illustrated. $1.50. 

Forty Years in Phrenology ; em i 

bracing Recollections of History, Anec- 
dote and Experience. $1.50. 

Thoughts on Domestic Life ; or, 

Marriage Vindicated and Free Love Ex' j 
posed. 25 cents. 

Catechism of Phrenology. — II- | 

lustrative of the Principles of the Science j 
by means of Questions and Answers. Re- j 
vised and enlarged by Nelson Sizer. 50c. | 

Spurzheim (J. G., M.D.) Education; 
its Elementary Principles Found- 
ed on the Nature of Man. $1.50. 

Natural Laws of Man. — A Phi- 1 

losophical Catechism. Sixth Edition. En- | 
larged and improved. 50 cents. 

Weaver (Rev. G. S.) — Lectures on j 

Mental Science. According *o the 
Philosophy of Phrenology. Delivered be- 
fore the Anthropological Society. Illus- 
trated. $1.25. 

Wells (Samuel R.) — New Physiog- 

NOMY ; or, Signs of Character, as mani- j 
fested through Temperament and Exter- } 
nal Forms, and especially in the " Human \ 
Face Divine." With more than One 
Thousand Illustrations. In one i2mo 
volume, 768 pages, muslin, $5.00; in jj 
heavy calf , marbled edges, $8.00 ; Turkey I 
morocco, full gilt, $10. 

" The treatise of Mr. Wells, which is admira- > 
bly printed and profusely illustrated, is probably | 
the most complete hand-book upon the subject 
in the language. 1 ' — N. Y. Tribune. 

Phrenological Bust.— Showing the r 
latest classification and exact location of 
the Organs of the Brain. It is divided so 
as to show each individual Organs on one j 
side ; with all the groups — Social, Execu- f 
tive, Intellectual, and Moral— properly clas- j 
sified, on the other side. There are two 
sizes ; the largest, not mailable, price $1. 
The smaller, 50 cents. 

Wells Co., 753 Broadway, N. Y. 



a 



PHRENOLOGY AND PHYSIOGNOMY, 



Wells (S. R.)— How to Read Char- 
acter. — A New Illustrated Hand-book of 
Phrenology and Physiognomy, for Stu- 
dents and Examiners, with a Chart for re- 
cording the sizes of the different Organs 
of the Brain in the Delineation of Char- 
acter ; with upwards of 170 Engravings. 
Paper, $1.00 ; Cloth, $1.25. 

—Wedlock ; or, The Right Relations 
of the Sexes. Disclosing the Laws of 
Conjugal Selections, and showing Who 
May Marry. $1.50 ; gilt, $2.00. 

New Descriptive Chart, for the 

Use of Examiners in the Delineation of 
Character. 25 cents ; cloth, 50 cents. 

Harmony of Phrenology and the 
Bible, including the Definitions. 10 cts. 

How to Study Character; or, the 
True Basts for the Science of 



The Phrenological Miscellany; of, 

Illustrated Annuals of Phrenology and 
Physiognomy, from 1865 to 1873 combin- 
ed in 1 volume, the nine containing over 
400 illustrations, many portraits and biog- 
raphies of distinguished personages. 

Comparative Physiognomy ; or, Re- 
semblances Between Men and Animals. 
By J. W. Redfield, M.D. Octavo vol- 
ume, illustrated. Price, $2.50. 

Phrenology and the Scriptures. — 

Showing the Harmony between Phre- 
nology and the Bible. 15 cents. 

The Annuals of Phrenology and 
Health Almanac for 1874 to '83. $1. 

Phrenological Chart or Map. A 

Symbolical Head 12 inches across, Litho- 
graphed in Colors, on paper 19 x 24 
inches, mounted for hanging on the wall, 
or suitable for framing. Price $1.00. 

Mind. Including a Review of Bain's i 
Criticism of Phrenology. By Thos. A. Phrenology, its History and Impor- 
Hyde. Paper, 50 cents ; cloth, $1.00. 4 tant Principles. By T. Turner, ioc 

WORZIS O^T MAQ1TETISM. 

There is an increasing interest in the facts relating to Magnetism, etc., and we present 
below a list of Works on this subject. 

Practic.%. Instructions 



in Animal 

Magnetism. By J. P. F. Deleuze. Trans- 
lated by Thomas C. Hartshorn. New and 
Revised edition, with an appendix of notes 
by the Translator, and Letters from Emi- 
nent Physicians, and others. $2.00. 

History of Salem Witchcraft.— A 

review of Charles W. Upham's great 
Work from the Edinburgh Review, with 
Notes • by Samuel R. Wells, contain- 
ing, also, The Planchette Mystery, Spirit- 
ualism, by Mrs. Harriet Beecher 
Stowe, and Dr. Doddridge's Dream. $1. 

Fascination ; or, the Philosophy of 

Charming. Illustrating the Principles 
of Life in connection with Spirit and Mat- 
ter. By J. B. Newman, M.D. $1.00. 

Six Lectures on the Philosophy of 

Mesmerism, delivered in Marlboro' Chap- 
el, Boston. By Dr. JOHN Bovee Dods. 
Paper, 50 cents. 

The Philosophy of Electrical Psy- 

chology, in a course of Twelve Lectures. 
By the same author. i2mo, cloth, $1.25. 

Sent by Mail, post-paid. Fowler & Wells Co 



The Library of Mesmerism and 

Psychology.— Comprising the Philoso- 
phy of Mesmerism, Clairvoyance, Mental 
Electricity. — Fascination, or the Power of 
Charming. Illustrating the Principles 
of Life in connection with Spirit and 
Matter. — The Macrocosm, or the Universe 
Without : being an unfolding of the plan 
of Creation, and the Correspondence of 
Truths.— The Philosophy of Electrical 
Psychology ; the Doctrine of Impressions ; 
including the connection between Mind 
and Matter ; also, the Treatment of Dis- 
eases. — Psychology ; or, the Science of the 
Soul, considered Physiologically and Philo- 
sophically ; with an Appendix containing 
Notes of Mesmeric and Psychical experi- 
ence, and illustrations of the Brain and 
Nervous System. 1 vol. $3.50. 

How to Magnetize ; or, Magnetism 
and Clairvoyance. — A Practical 7 reat- 
ise on the Choice, Management and 
Capabilities of Subjects, with Instructions 
on the Method of Procedure. By James 
Victor Wilson. i8mo, paper, 85 cts. 

The Key to Ghostism. By Rev, 
Thomas Mitchel. $1.50. 

753 £roadway t Mm) York, 



3 



HEALTH BOOKS. ' 

TJiis List comprises the Best Works on Hygiene, Health, Etc. 

Combe (Andrew, M.D.) — Principles I Horses : their Feed and their Feet. 
applied to the Preservation of Health and — A Manual of Horse Hygiene. Invaluable 

to the veteran or the novice, pointing out 
the true sources of disease, and how to pre- 
vent and counteract them. By C. E. 
Page, M.D. Paper 50 cts., cloth 75 cts. 
The Diet Question. — Giving the 
Reason Why, from " Health in the House- 
hold," by Mrs. S. W. Dodds, M.D. 10c. 

The Health Miscellany. An impor- 
tant Collection of Health "Papers. Nearly 
100 octavo pages. 25 cents. 

(J. M., M.D.) and Wilson 

(James, M. D.) — Practice of the 
Water-Cure, with Authenticated Evi- 
dence of its Efficacy and Safety. Con- 
taining a Detailed Account of the various 
Processes used in the Water Treatment, 
a Sketch of the History and Progress of 
the Water-Cure. 50 cents. 

Jacques (D. H., M.D.)— The Tem- 

PERaments; or, Varieties of Physical 
Constitution in Man, considered in theii 
relation to Mental Character and Practical 
Affairs of Life. With an Introduction 
by H. S. Drayton, A.M., Editor of the 
Phrenological Journal. 150 Portraits 
and other Illustrations. $1.50. 

How to Grow Handsome, or 

Hints toward Physical Perfection, and 
the Philosophy of Human Beauty, show- 
ing How to Acquire and Retain Bodily 
Symmetry, Health, and Vigor, secure 
Long Life, and Avoid the Infirmities and 
Deformities of Age. New Edition. $1.00. 
Johnson (Edward, M.D.) — Domes- 
Tic Practice of Hydropathy, with 
Fifteen Engraved Illustrations of impor- 
tant subjects, from Drawings by Dr. How- 
ard Johnson. $1.50. 

White (Wm., M.D.) — Medical Eleo 

tricity. — A Manual for Students, show- 
ing the most Scientific and Rational Ap- 
plication to all forms of Diseases, of the 
different Combinations of Electricity, 
Galvanism, Electro-Magnetism, Magneto- 
Electricity, and Human Magnetism. 
i2mo, $1.50. 
Transmission ; or, Variations of Char- 
acter Through the Mother. By Georg- 
iana B. Kirby. 25 cts., cloth, 50 cts. 



to the Improvement of Physical and 
Mental Education. Illustrated. Cloth. 
$1.50. 

Management of Infancy, Physi- 
ological and Moral Treatment. With 
Notes and a Supplementary Chapter, 
$1.25. 

Dodds (Susanna W., M.D.)— Health 
in the Household ; or, Hygienic Cook- ' Gully 
ery. 121110, extra cloth, $2.00. 

Fairchild(M. Augusta, M.D.)— How 

TO be Well; or, Common-Sense Med- 
ical Hygiene. A book ' for the People, 
giving Directions for the Treatment and 
Cure of Acute Diseases without the use of 
Drug Medicines ; also, General Hints on 
Health. Si. 00. 

Graham (Sylvester). — Science of 
Human Life, Lectures on the. With 
a copious Index and Biographical Sketch 
of the Author. Illustrated, $3.00. 

Chastity. — Lectures to Young 

Men. Intended also for the Serious Con- 
sideration of Parents and Guardians. 
i2mo. Paper, 50 cents. 

Gully (J. M., M.D.) — Water-Cure 

in Chronic Diseases. An Exposition 
of the Causes, Progress, and Tennination 
of various Chronic Diseases of the Di- 
gestive Organs, Lungs, Nerves, Limbs, 
and Skin, and of their Treatment by 
Water and other Hygienic means. $1.50. 

For Girls ; A Special Physiology, or 
Supplement to the Study of General Phy- 
siology. By Mrs. E. R. Shepherd. $1.00. 

Page^C. E., M.D.)— How to Feed 
the Baby to make her Healthy and Hap- 
py. i2mo. Third edition, revised and 
enlarged. Paper, 50 cents ; extra cloth, 
75 cents. 

This is the most important work ever publish- 
ed on the subject of infant dietetics. 

- — The Natural Cure of Consump- 
tion, Constipation, Bright's Disease, Neu- 
ralgia, Rheumatism, "Colds" (Fevers), 
etc. Plow these Disorders Originate, and 
How to Prevent Them. i2mo, cloth, $1.00. 



Sent by Mail, post-paid. 



Fowler & Wells Co., 753 Broadway, N.Y. 



4 



WORKS ON HEALTH AND HYGIENE. 



Shew (Joel, M.D.)— Children, their 
Hydropathic Management in Health and 
Disease. A Descriptive and Practical 
Work, designed as a Guide for Families 
and Physicians. $1.50. 

Sober and Temperate Life. — The 
Discourses and Letters of Louis Cornaro 
on a Sober and Temperate Life. 50 cts. 

Taylor (G. H., M.D.)— The Move- 

ment Cure. The History and Philoso- 
phy of this System of Medical Treatment, 
with Examples of Single Movements, The 
Principles of Massage, and Directions for 
their Use in various Forms of Chronic 
Diseases. New and Enlarged Ed. $1.50. 

Massage. Giving the Principles 

and Directions for its Application in all 
Forms of Chronic Diseases, izmo, $1.50. 



The Science of 
John Cowan, M.D, 



The Man Wonderful in the House 

Beautiful. An Allegory. Teaching 
the Principles of Physiology and Hygi- 
ene, and the Effects of Stimulants and 
Narcotics. By Drs. C. B. and Mary A. 
Allen. $1.50. 

Smoking and Drinking. By James 
Parton. 50 cents ; cloth, 75 cents. 

The Diseases of Modern Life. By 
B. W. Richardson, M.D. Ex. clo., $1.50. 

The Parents' Guide ; or, Human De- 
velopment through Pre- Natal Influences 
and Inherited Tendencies. $1.25. 

Pereira (J., M.D., F.R.S.)— Food 
and Diet. With observations on the Di- 
etetical Regimen, suited for Disordered 
States of the Digestive Organs. $1.50. 

Controlling Sex in Generation : A 

Treatise on the Laws Determining Sex, 
and their Government to Produce Male 
or Female Offspring at Will. By Sam- 
uel H. Terry. Cloth. $1.00. 

Shew (Joel, M.D.)— The Family 
Physician. — A Ready Prescriber and 
Hygienic Adviser. With Reference to 
the Nature, Causes, Prevention, and 
Treatment of Diseases, Accidents, and 
Casualties of every kind. With a Glossary 
and copious Index. Illustrated with nearly 
Three Hundred Engravings. $3.00. 

Letters to Women on Midwifery 

and Diseases of Women. — A Descrip- 
tive and Practical Work, giving Treat- 
ment in Menstruation and its Disorders, 
Chlorosis, Leucorrhea, Fluor Albus, Pro- 
lapsus Uteri, Hysteria, Spinal Diseases, 
and other weaknesses of Females, Preg- 
nancy and its Diseases, Abortion, Uterine 
Hemorrhage, and the General Manage- 
ment of Childbirth, Nursing, etc. $1.50. 

Pregnancy and Childbirth, with 

Cases showing the remarkable Effects of 
Water Treatment in Mitigating the Pains 
and Perils of the Parturient State. 50 cts. 

Tobacco : its Physical, Intellectual, 

and Moral Effects on the Human System. 

By Dr. Alcott. New and revised ed., with 

notes and additions, by N. Sizer. 25 cts. 
Sent by Mail, post-paid. Fowler & Wells Co., 753 Broadway, N.Y, 



New Life. By 
Extra cloth, $3.00. 

Mothers and Daughters. — A Manual 
of Hygiene for Women. By Mrs. E. G. 
Cook, M.D. $1.50. 

Philosophy of the Water-Cure. By 
John Balbirnie, M.D. 50 cents. 

Chronic Diseases. — Especially the 
Nervous Diseases of Women. 25 cents. 

Consumption, its Prevention and 
Cure by the Movement Cure. 25 cents. 

Notes on Beauty, Vigor, and Devel- 
OPMENT ; or, How to Acquire Plumpness 
of Form, Strength of Limb, and Beauty 
of Complexion. Illustrated. 10 cents. 

Tea and Coffee.— Their Physical, 
Intellectual, and Moral Effects on the 
Human System. By Dr. Alcott, New 
and revised edition, with notes and ad- 
ditions by Nelson Sizer. 25 cents. 

Heredity. — Responsibility and Par- 
entage. By Rev. S. H. Piatt. 10 cts. 

Special List. — We have in addition 
to the above, Private Medical Works and 
Treatises. This Special List will be sent 
on receipt of stamp. 



WORKS ON HYGIENE BY R T. TRAibL, M.D. 



Hydiopathic Encyclopedia. — A Sys- 
tem of Hydropathy and Hygiene. Em- 
bracing Outlines of Anatomy, Illus'ed ; 
Physiology of the Human Body ; Hygi- 
enic Agencies, and the Preservation of 
Health ; Dietetics and Hydropathic Cook- 
ery ; Theory and Practice of Water- Treat- 
ment ; Special Pathology and Hydro- 
Therapeutics, including the Nature, 
Causes, Symptoms, and Treatment of all 
known Diseases ; Application of Hydrop- 
athy to Midwifery and the Nursery, with 
nearly One Thousand Pages, including a 
Glossary. Designed as a guide to Families 
and Students. With numerous Illus. 2 
vols, in one. $4. 

Uterine Diseases & Displacements. 
A Practical Treatise on the Various Dis- 
eases. Malpositions, and Structural De- 
rangements of the Uterus and its Append- 
ages. Fifty-three Colored Plates. $5. 

The Hygienic Hand-Book. — Intend- 
ed as a Practical Guide for the Sick- 
Room. Arranged alphabetically. $1.50. 

Illustrated Family Gymnasium. — 

Containing the most improved methods 
of applying Gymnastic, Calisthenic, Kine- 
sipathic and Vocal Exercises to the Devel- 
opment of the Bodily Organs, the invigor- 
ation of their functions, the preservation 
of .Health, and the Cure of Diseases and 
Deformities. With illustrations. $1.50. 
The Hydropathic Cook-Book, with 
Recipes for Cooking on Hygienic Princi- 
ples. Containing also, a Philosophical 
Exposition of the Relations of Food to 
Health ; the Chemical Elements and 
Proximate Constitution of Alimentary 
Principles ; the Nutritive Properties of 
all kinds of Aliments ; the Relative Value 
of Vegetable and Animal Substances ; 
the Selection and Preservation of Dietetic 
Material, etc. $i.«?5. 

Fruits and Farinacea the Proper 

Food of Man. — Being an attempt to 
prove by History, Anatomy, Physiology, 
and Chemistry that the Original, Natural, 
and Best Diet of Man is derived from the 
Vegetable Kingdom. By John Smith, 
With Notes by Trall. $1.50. 
Digestion and Dyspepsia. — A Com- 
plete Explanation of the Physiology of 
the Digestive Processes, with the Symp- 
toms and Treatment of Dyspepsia and 
other Disorders. Illustrated. $1.00. 

Sent by Mail, fost-paid. Fowler & 



The Mother's Hygienic Hand-Book 

for the Normal Development and Train- 
ing of Women and Children, and the 
Treatment of their Diseases. $1.00. 

Popular Physiology. — A Familiar 

Exposition of the Structures, Functions, 
and Relations of the Human System and 
the Preservation of Health. $1.25. 

The True Temperance Platform.— 

An Exposition of the Fallacy of Alcoholic 
Medication, being the substance of ad- 
dresses delivered in the Queen's Concert 
Rooms, London. Paper, 50 cents. 

The Alcoholic Controversy. — A Re- 
view of the Westminster Review on the 
Physiological Errors of Teetotalism. 50 c. 

The Human Voice. — Its Anatomy, 

Physiology, Pathology, Therapeutics, 
and Training, with Rules of Order for 
Lyceums. 50 cents ; cloth, 75 cents. 

The True Healing Art ; or, Hygienic 

vs. Drug Medication. An Address 
delivered before the Smithsonian Institute, 
Washington, D. C. Paper, 25 cents ; 
cloth, 50 cents. 

Water-Cure for the Million.— The 

processes of Water-Cure Explained, Pop- 
ular Errors Exposed, Hygienic and Drug v 
Medication Contrasted. Rules for Bath- I 
ing, Dieting, Exercising, Recipes for ■ 
Cooking, etc., etc. Directions for Home 
Treatment. Paper, 25 cts. ; cloth, 75 cts. 

Hygeian Home Cook-Book; or, 

Healthful and Palatable Food 
without Condiments. A Book of 
Recipes. Paper, 25 cts. ; cloth, 50 cts. 

Accidents and Emergencies, a guide 

containing Directions for the Treatment 
in Bleeding, Cuts, Sprains, Ruptures, 
Dislocations, Burns and Scalds, Bites of 
Mad Dogs, Choking, Poisons, Fits, Sun- 
strokes, Drowning, etc. By Alfred Smee, 
with Notes and additions by R. T. Trall, 
M.D. New and revised edition. 25 cts. 

Diseases of Throat and Lungs. — 
Including Diphtheria and Proper Treat- 
ment. 25 cents. 

The Bath.— Its History and Uses in 
Health and Disease. Paper 25c. ; clo., 50c. 

A Health Catechism. — Questions - 
and Answers. With Illustrations* ic cts. 



Wells Co., 753 Broadway, N. Y. 



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MISCELLANEOUS WORKS. 



Hand-books for Home Improve- 
ment (Educational) ; comprising, 
"How to Write," "How to Talk," 
I "How to Behave," and "How to do 
Business." One i2mo vol., $2.00. 

; How to Write : a Pocket Manual of 
i Composition and Letter-Writing. 75 cts. 

How to Talk: a Pocket Manual of 
Conversation and Debate, with more than 
Five Hundred Common Mistakes in 
Speaking Corrected. 75 cents. 

How to Behave : a Pocket Manual 
of Republican Etiquette and Guide to 
Correct Personal Habits, with Rules for 
Debating Societies and Deliberative 
Assemblies. 75 cents. 

How to Do Business : a Pocket 
Manual of Practical Affairs, and a Guide 
to Success in Life, with a Collection of 
Legal and Commercial Forms. 75c. 

How to Read.— What and Why ; or, 
Hints in Choosing the Best Books, with 
Classified List of Best Works in Biogra- 
phy, Criticism, Fine Arts, History, Nov- 
els, Poetry, Science, Religion, Foreign 
Languages, etc. ByA.V. Petit. Clo., $1. 

How to Sing ; or, the Voice and How 
to Use it. By W. H. Daniell. 50c ; 75c. 

How to Conduct a Public Meeting ; 
or, The Chairman's Guide for Conduct- 
ing Meetings, Public and Private. 15 cts. 

Hopes and Helps for the Young of 
Both Sexes. — Relating to the Forma- 
tion of Character, Choice of Avocation, 
Health, Amusement, Music, Conversa- 
tion, Social Affections, Courtship and 
Marriage. By Weaver. $1.25. 

Aims and Aids for Girls and Young 
Women, on the various Duties of Life. 
Including Physical, Intellectual, and Moral 
Development, Dress, Beauty, Fashion, 
Employment, Education, the Home Re- 
lations, their Duties to Young Men, Mar- 
riage, Womanhood and Happiness. $1.25. 

Ways of Life, showing the Right 
Way and the Wrong Way. Contrasting 
the High Way and the Low Way ; the 
True Way and the False Way ; the Up- 
ward Way and the Downward Way ; the 
Way of Honor and of Dishonor. 75 cts. 

The Christian Household.— Embrac- 
ing the Husband, Wife, Father, Mother, 
Child, Brother and Sister. $1.00. 



Weaver's Works for the Young, 

Comprising "Hopes and Helps for the 
Young of Both Sexes," "Aims and Aids 
for Girls and Young Women," "Ways 
of Life ; or, the Right Way and the 
Wrong Way." One vol. i2mo. $2.50. 

The Fallacies in "Progress and 

Poverty." A Consideration of Henry 
George's " Progress and Poverty," Henry 
Dunning Macleod's "Economics," and 
"The Ethics of Protection and Free 
Trade." By William Hanson. Cloth, $1. 

How to Learn Short-Hand ; or, The 

Stenographic Instructor. An Improved 
System of Short-hand Writing arranged 
specially for the use of those desirous of 
acquiring the art without the aid of a 
teacher. By Arthur M. Baker. 25 cents. 
Phonographic Note - Book. — For 
Students and Reporters. Double or Sin- 
gle ruled. 15 cents. 

The Emphatic Diaglott, Containing 
the Original Greek Text of The New- 
Testament, with an Interlineary Word- 
for-Word English Translation ; a New 
Emphatic Version based on the Interline- 
ary Translation, on the Readings, of the 
Vatican Manuscript (No. 1,209 in the Vat- 
ican Library). By Benjamin Wilson. 
884 pp., $4.00 ; extra fine binding $5.00. 

A Bachelor's Talks about Married 
Life and Things Adjacent. By Rev. 
William Aikman, D.D. i2mo, extra 
cloth, $1.50. Ready November 1. 

History of Woman Suffrage. — Illus- 
trated with Steel Engravings. Edited by 
Elizabeth Cady Stanton, Susan B. An- 
thony, Matilda Joslyn Gage. Complete 
in Three Octavo Volumes. Price per Vol- 
ume, Cloth, $5.00. Sheep, $6.50. 

Life at Home ; or, The Family and 
its Members. Including Husbands and 
Wives, Parents, Children, Brothers, Sis- 
ters, Employers and Employed, The Altar 
in the House, etc. By Rev. William 
Aikman, D.D. i2mo, $1.50 ; full gilt $2. 

A New Theory of the Origin of 
Species. By Benj. G. Ferris. $1.50. 

Man in Genesis and in Geology ; or, 
the Biblical Account of Man's Creation 
tested by Scientific Theories of his Origin 
and Antiquity. By Joseph P. Thompson, 
D.D., LL.D. $1.00. 



Sent by Mail, pest-paid. 



Fowler & Wells Co., 753 Broadway, New York. 



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MISCELLANEOUS WORKS: 



The Children of the Bible. By 

Fanny L. Armstrong, with an Intro- 
duction bv Frances E. Willard, Pres. 
N. W. C. T. U. Extra cloth. Price, $i. 
A handsome gift for children. 

The Temperance Reformation. — Its 

History from the first Temperance Soci- 
ety in the United States to the Adoption 
of the Maine Liquor Law. $1.50. 

Man and Woman, Considered in 
their Relations to each other and to the 
World. By H. C. Pedder. Cloth, $1. 

^Esop's Fables.— With Seventy Splen- 
did Illustrations. One vol. i2mo, fancy 
cloth, gilt edges, $1. People's Edition, 
bound in boards, 25 cents. 

Pope's Essay on Man, with Illustra- 
tions and Notes by S. R. Wells. i2mo, 
tinted paper, fancy cloth, full gilt, price $1. 
People's Edition, bound in boards, 25c. 

Gems of Goldsmith: "The Travel- 
er," "The Deserted Village," " The Her- 
mit." With notes and Original Illustra- 
tions, and Biographical Sketch of the 
great author. One vol., fancy cloth, full 
gilt, $1. People's Ed., bound in boards, 25c. 

The Rime of the Ancient Mariner. 

In Seven Parts. By Samuel T. Coleridge. 
With new Illustrations by Chapman . One 
voL, fancy cloth, full gilt, $1. People's 
Ed., bound in boards, 25 cents. 

Footprints of Life ; or, Faith and Na- 

ture Reconciled. — A Poem in Three 
Parts. The Body ; The Soul ; The Deit , 
Philip Harvey, M. D . $ 1 .25. 

How to Paint. — A Complete Compen- 
dium of the Art. Designed for the use 
of Tradesmen, Mechanics, Merchants and 
Farmers, and a Guide to the Profession- 
al Painter, Containing a plain Common- 
sense statement of the Methods employed 
by Painters to produce satisfactory results 
in Plain and Fancy Painting of every De- 
scription, including Gilding, Bronzing, 
Staining, Graining, Marbling, Varnish- 
ing, Polishing, Kalsomining, Paper Hang- 
ing, Striping, Lettering, Copying and 
Ornamenting, with Formulas for Mixing 
Paint in Oil or Water. Description of 
Various Pigments used : tools required, 
etc. By F. B. Gardner. $1.00. 



i he Carriage Painter's .Illustrated 

Manual, containing a Treatise on the 
Art, Science, and Mystery of Coach, Car- 
riage, and Car Painting. Including the 
Improvements in Fine Gilding, Bronzing, 
Staining, Varnishing, Polishing, Copying, 
Lettering, Scrolling, and Ornamenting. 
By F. B. Gardner. $1.00. 

How to Keep a Store, embodying 

the Experience of Thirty Years in Mer- 
chandizing. By Samuel H. Terry. $1.50. 

How to Raise Fruits. — A Hand-book. 

Being a Guide to the Cultivation and 
Management of Fruit Trees, and of 
Grapes and Small Fruits. With Descrip- 
tions of the Best and Most Popular Varie- 
ties. Illustrated. By Thomas Gregg. $x. 

How to be Weather-Wise. — A new 
View of our Weather System. By I. P. 
Noyes. 25 cents. 

How to Live. — Saving and Wasting ; 

or, Domestic Economy Illustrated by the 
Life of two Families of Opposite Charac- 
ter, Habits, and Practices, full of Useful 
Lessons in Housekeeping, and Hints "How 
to Live, How to Have, and How to be 
Happy, including the Story of "A Dime 
a Day," by Solon Robinson. $1.25. 

Oratory — Sacred and Secular, or the 

Extemporaneous Speaker. Including a- 
Chairman's Guide for conducting Public 
Meetings according to the best Parliamen- 
tary forms. By Wm. Pittenger. $1.25. 

Homes for All ; or, the Gravel Wall. 

A New, Cheap, and Superior Mode of 
Building, adapted to Rich and Poor. 
Showing the Superiority of the Gravel 
Concrete over Brick, Stone and Frame 
Houses ; Manner of Making and Deposit- 
ing it. By O. S. Fowler. $1.25. 

The Model Potato.— Proper cultiva- 
tion and mode of cooldng. 50 cents. 

Three Visits to America. By Emily 

Faithfull. 400 pages. $1.50. 

Capital Punishment ; or, the Proper 

Treatment of Criminals, 10 cents. 
"Father Matthew, the Temperance Apos- 
tle," 10 cents. "Good Man's Legacy," 
10 cents. Alphabet for Deaf and Dumb, 
10 cents. 



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